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Forensics final

Forensics Fall Final

QuestionAnswer
The application of science to law Forensics
The father of forensics Locard
Forensic investigators must rely on their ability to- observe, interpret, and report
Made as a result of an observation Perceptions
The factors that effect the time that an investigator has at a crime scene location, weather, time of day
It is okay to alter a crime scene when- if an injured person needs attention
As forensic scientists, we can become better observers by making a conscious effort to observe on purpose.
A forensic scientist is called to a court of law to provide facts
Deriving the consequences from facts using a series of logical steps deductive reasoning.
To reexamine post-conviction cases and exonerate those that are wrongfully convicted is the purpose of the Innocence Project.
Article 6 in the Bill of Rights insures citizens of the right to be tried by an impartial jury of his or her peers.
Juries are instructed to assume that the defendant is innocent until proven guilty.
Daubert Ruling allows the trial judge to make the ultimate decision regarding expert testimony.
Frye Standard evidence must be accepted by the scientific community before it is admitted in court.
Chronological documentation, or paper trail, that records the sequence of custody, control, transfer, analysis and disposition of physical or electronic evidence chain of custody.
1st step of CSI securing the scene
2nd step of CSI separating witnesses
3rd step of CSI searching the scene for evidence
4th step of CSI seeing the scene by photographing
5th step of CSI sketching the scene
6th step of CSI searching the scene again
7th step of CSI securing and collecting evidence
Firsthand observations, like a video or voice recording direct evidence
Evidence that proves a fact direct
DNA would be classified as biological evidence
Bullets would be classified as physical evidence
voice recordings would be classified as direct evidence
Investigators use a bindle to secure trace evidence
A picture of evidence should include the evidence, evidence marker, and a unit of measure.
When photographing a piece of evidence, you should take pictures at three different distances and angles
When sketching a crime scene, you should include a legend, compass, scale, evidence, location, body, and measurements.
The method used to make an accurate crime scene sketch 90 degree method.
The first priority at a crime scene helping anyone who is injured.
Crime scenes are never consistent, but they are always inconsistent.
Search patterns line, grid, spiral, quadrant/zone
Hair without the follicle would be classified as class evidence
Hair with the follicle would be classified as individual evidence
The shaft of the hair is considered class evidence in trial
Hair is composed of a protein called keratin
All hairs on the head of a person are not identical
The cortex of the hair contains pigment (color).
The hair shaft is composed cutical, cortex, and medulla
In order to conduct a full DNA analysis follicle of the hair must be present
Napoleon famous political leader whose hair analysis determined he died from arsenic poisoning.
Order of hair out to in cuticle, cortext, medulla
medullary index Width of the medulla / Diameter of the hair
Human hair has a medullary index of 0.33 or smaller
Animal hair has a medullary index of 0.55 or greater
Locard’s Principle of Exchange fibers can be transferred from one object to another during criminal activity.
Synthetic fibers made from man-made substances.
The smallest unit of a textile is called a fiber.
Natural fibers consist of animal, plant, and mineral fibers.
The weft fibers run horizontally across a fabric.
The warp fibers run vertically up and down a fabric.
We used the fiber burn analysis test in class to help us identify unknown fibers.
1st stage of hair growth Anagen Phase- active hair growth
2nd stage of hair growth Catagen Phase- transition Phase- with slowed growth
3rd stage of hair growth Telogen Phase- resting phase before hair sheds
Wool is considered an animal fiber
Fibers can be collected from a crime scene by vacuuming, using adhesives, using forceps.
The person convicted of murdering children in Atlanta in the 1980’s Wayne Williams.
The type of fiber transfer that occurs when a fiber moves from a source to a person, or other object direct transfer
When a fiber moves from a source to a suspect, and then to a victim secondary transfer
Patent Print visible print left by a colored material, like blood or paint.
Latent print invisible print left behind by oils on the finger.
Plastic Print impression left on a soft material like mud, or putty.
Types of fingerprints whorl, arch, loop
Loops are found in ___ of the population. 65%
Whorls are found in ___ of the population. 30%
Arches are found in ___ of the population 5%
The RUVIS device can locate fingerprints on most non-absorbent surfaces without the aid of chemicals or powders.
The AFIS device scans and encodes fingerprints to create a database.
Fingerprints are considered to be a form of individual evidence
A fingerprint examiner looks for similar _________ __________between a suspect print and a crime scene print. minutiae patterns
Superglue fuming (cyanoacrylate) is a fingerprint extracting method that uses chemical reactions to make prints visible.
Fingerprints are a result of oil and secretions that are transferred to a surface by the ridges of one’s finger.
The lines on a fingerprint ridges
The use of fingerprint identification is not perfect because current technology depends on humans and they make mistakes.
Fingerprints are formed during pregnancy.
The process used by criminals to make, change, or alter a person’s signature or another aspect of a document with the intent to deceive another is called forgery
Fraudulence is when material gain, such as money accompanies a forgery.
When false documents or other items are copied for the purpose of deception it is called counterfeiting.
Any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other written mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute and uncertain is known as a questioned document
FISH the database used to analyze handwriting by computer.
The secret service investigates counterfeiting.
Counterfeiting is a federal felony.
Items that could be counterfeited include food stamps, currency, coins, and postage stamps.
Three ways that checks can be altered is by burning, erasures, and cross outs.
Characteristics of handwriting include line habits, fancy curls or loops, and pen pressure.
Examples of security features on currency include color shifting ink, watermarks, and a raised portrait.
The regular atomic structure of glass does ___ cause it to fracture in a variety of patterns. NOT
Metal oxides added to glass- changes the color of the glass
The angle at which a bullet enters window glass can tell investigators the position of the shooter.
When impacted, glass bends and stretches before breaking.
The formula to calculate density is D = m/v
The refractive index of glass refers to its ability to bend light.
A normal line is perpendicular to the surface where two media meet.
Fracture patterns provide clues about the direction, rate, and sequence of impacts.
Radial fractures are displayed in a straighter line starting from the center.
Concentric fractures are displayed in a circular line around the center
When a beam of light moves from a less dense medium )air), into a more dense medium (water), its speed slows and bends light toward the normal line.
When a beam of light moves from a more dense medium (glass), into a less dense medium (air), its speed increases and bends light away from the normal line.
The sequence of impacts in glass can be determined by looking at the radial fracture lines
The radial lines of an impact will be stopped by any impacts that happened before that one.
Created by: adalaidek
 

 



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