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LCCC Unit 4 Vocab
LCCC Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| oregon trail | overland trail of more than 2,000 miles that carried american settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah |
| Santa Fe trail | The 900 mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain |
| alamo | Franciscan mission at san Antonio, Texas that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops |
| claims clubs | groups of local settlers on the 19th century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auctions |
| Mexican cession of 1848 | the addition of half a million square miles to the united states' as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the united States and mexico |
| compromise of 1850 | the four step compromise that admitted California as a free state, allowed the residents of New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, ended the slave trade in the district of Columbia, and passed a new fugitive slave law |
| wilmot proviso | the amendment offered by Pennsylvania democrat David wilmot in 1846 which stipulated that "as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the republic of mexico... neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exi |
| popular sovereignty | a solution to the slavery crisis suggested by michigan senator Lewis cass by which territorial residents, not congress, would decide slavery's fate |
| fugitive slave act | law, part of the compromise of 1850, that required authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners |
| bleeding Kansas | violence between pro and antislavery forces in Kansas territory after the passage of the Kansas Nebraska- Act in 1854 |
| Kansas Nebraska act | law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri compromise |
| confederate states of America | nation proclaimed in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861 after the seven states of the lower south seceded from the united States |
| know-nothing party | anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the whig party and some disaffected northern democrats in 1854 |
| John Brown's raid | new England abolitionist John Brown's ill-fated attempt to free Virginia's slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at harpers ferry, virginia, in 1859 |
| republican party | party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the kansas-nebraska act, consisting of former whigs, some northern democrats, and many know-nothings |
| lincoln-douglas debates | series of debates in the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign during which democrat stephen a. Douglas and republican Abraham lincoln staked out their differing opinions on the issue of slavery in the territories |
| constitutional union party | national party formed in 1860, mainly by former whigs, that emphasized allegiance to the union and strict enforcement of all national legislation |
| emancipation proclamation | decree announced by president Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing all slaves in all confederate states still in rebellion |
| first confiscation act | law passed by Congress in August 1861, it liberated only those slaves who had directly assisted the confederate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the union |
| copperheads | a term republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the confederate cause during the civil war |
| radical republicans | a shifting group of republican congressman, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the civil war and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated south |
| thirteenth amendment | constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the united States |
| lost cause | the phrase many white southerners applied to their civil war defeat. they viewed the war as a noble cause and their defeat as only a temporary setback in the south's ultimate vindication |
| fourteenth amendment | constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 some of the features of the civil rights act of 1866. it prohibited states from violating the civil rights of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing |
| freedman's bureau | agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, an economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years |
| field order no. 15 | order by general William t. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by president Andrew Johnson later that year |
| sharecropping | labor system that evolved during and after reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers' crop |
| black codes | laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the civil war. also, during reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment |
| scalawags | southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern Republican part during reconstruction for diverse reasons; a disparaging term |
| fifteenth amendment | passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race |
| redeemers | southern democrats who wrested control of governments in the former confederacy from republicans, often through electoral fraud and violence, beginning in 1870 |
| carpetbaggers | pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the south, many of whom were union soldiers who stayed in the south after the war |
| ku Klux klan | perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the south during reconstruction era, founded by confederate veterans in 1866 |
| compromise of 1877 | the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed republican Rutherford b. Hayes in the white house and gave democrats control of all state governments in the south |
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