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POLS final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 9th Amendment | Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation |
| 26th Amendment | The right of US citizens, who are 18 years old or older, to vote |
| Equal Opportunity Interest Groups | Organized to promote the civil and economic rights of underrepresented or disadvantaged groups |
| Collective Goods | "Public goods"; benefits, goods, or services that anybody can use, but limited supply Ex: Wild fish |
| Free Riders | Individuals or groups who benefit from a good or service without paying for it or contributing to its costs |
| Collective Action Problem | Occurs when individuals, acting in their own self-interest, choose not to contribute to a group effort, even though everyone would benefit if all members participated |
| Grassroot lobbying | Indirect lobbying efforts that spring widespread public concern. Genuine public pressure |
| Astroturf Lobbying | indirect lobbying efforts that spring widespread public concern. Manufactured public pressure |
| Iowa Caucuses | First major electoral event of the nominating process. Serves as an early indication of which candidates might win the nomination |
| New Hampshire Party | First political party primary election. Like Iowa Caucuses, the primary serves as an early indication of a candidate's prospects of success |
| Swing Voters | Approximately one-third of the electorate who are undecided at the start of the campaign |
| Negative Advertising | Campaign advertising that emphasizes the negative characteristics of opponents rather than one's own strategy |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | The fundraising arms of interest groups. A committee set up by and representing a corporation, labor union, or special interest group. |
| Hatch Act | Passed in 1939, restricted the political activities of government employees, prohibited a political group from spending more than $3 million or any campaign |
| Soft Money | Campaign contributes unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities |
| Independent Expenditures | Non-regulated contributions from the Political Action Committee, organizations, and individuals. The funds may be spent on advertising or other campaign activities, so long as those expenditures are not coordinated with those of a candidate |
| Autocracy | Controlled by one person; political authority is vested in a single individual such as a monarch or dictator. No inclusiveness |
| Oligarchy | Government of a few; small group of landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants control most of the governing decisions. Low inclusiveness. |
| Democracy | A system of government where people have the power to choose their leaders and influence decisions, usually through voting. High inclusiveness. |
| Totalitarian | System of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limit on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutes that might challenge it. No limit |
| Authoritarian | System of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may be restrained by the power of other social institutions. Few Limits |
| Constitutional | Something that follows or relates to the rules set out in a constitution. Broad Limits |
| Capitalist | Private ownership of the means of production. Market determines production, distribution and price decisions |
| Socialist | Public ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and services. Complete state control of economy, state determines production, distribution, and price decisions. |
| Social Democracy | Hybrid of capitalism and socialism mostly private ownership but extensive government control |
| Laissez-Faire | Economy, prices and trade are guided by supply and demand, not government regulation |
| Liberalism | Believes in the importance of individual freedom, rejects older assumptions of government. Arose from the Age of Enlightenment |
| Conservatism | Emphasizes stability and community, advocates institutions and traditional practices that have developed organically. Began as a reaction to the French Revolution |
| Libertarianism | Maximizing individual liberty, minimal role for the state, anti-taxation |
| Communitarianism | Emphasizes the interest of the community as a whole, citizens have a right to education, housing, health care, etc. |
| Elite Democracy | Limits the citizens role to choosing among competing leaders |
| Representative Democracy | Citizens elect representatives to vote for leaders on their behalf |
| Pluralist Democracy | Citizen membership in groups is key to political power |
| Participatory/Direct Democracy | Citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 | Established the constitutionality of the principle of "separate but equal" |
| 14th Amendment | Defines citizenship. Contains: Privileges or Immunities Clause, The Due Process Clause, The Equal Protection Clause |
| 4th Amendment | Protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| 7th Amendment | Civil trial by jury |
| 3rd Amendment | Protection from quartering of troops |
| 8th Amendment | Prohibition of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment |
| 5th Amendment | Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain |
| 2nd Amendment | Militia, sovereign state, right to keep and bear arms |
| 15th Amendment | Prohibits the denial of suffrage (to vote) based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery, allowed congress to enforce abolition (end slavery) |
| 6th Amendment | Trial by jury and rights of the accused; Confrontation Clause, Speedy trial, public trial, right to counsel |
| 10th Amendment | Powers of states and people. Powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states, respectively, or to the people |
| 19th Amendment (1920) | Prohibits any U.S. citizen to be denied the right to vote on the basis of gender (women can vote) |
| 1st Amendment | Establishment Clause, Free Exercise Clause, freedom of speech, press assembly; right to petition |
| Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) | Rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education; served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement |
| 4th Amendment | Protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| Economic Interest Groups | Groups that organize to influence government policy for the economic benefits of their members |
| Public Interest Groups | Groups that organize to influence government to produce collective goods or services that benefit the general public. |
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