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Chapter 28
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cold War | A period of political tension, military rivalry, and ideological conflict between the United States and its allies (capitalist/democratic) and the Soviet Union and its allies (communist), without direct large-scale war between the superpowers. |
| Truman Doctrine | U.S. policy pledging support—especially financial and military—to countries threatened by communism, beginning with Greece and Turkey. |
| Marshall Plan | A massive U.S. aid program that provided money to rebuild Western European economies after World War II to prevent the spread of communism. |
| Berlin Airlift | Operation in which the U.S. and Britain supplied West Berlin by air after the Soviet Union blockaded the city. |
| West & East Germany | FRG, and GDR |
| Nuclear weapons | Explosive weapons powered by nuclear reactions; central to Cold War strategy and the threat of “mutually assured destruction.” |
| NATO | A military alliance of Western nations formed to defend against Soviet aggression. |
| Warsaw Pact | A military alliance of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, created in response to NATO. |
| Korean War | Conflict in which North Korea (supported by China and the USSR) fought South Korea (supported by the U.S. and UN). It ended in a divided Korea at nearly the same line as before. |
| Vietnam War | War between communist North Vietnam (backed by USSR and China) and South Vietnam (backed by the U.S.). The North won, unifying Vietnam under communism. |
| Berlin Wall | A concrete wall built by East Germany to stop people from fleeing to West Berlin. It became the symbol of Cold War division. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A 13-day confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR after the Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba—considered the closest the world came to nuclear war. |
| Decolonization | The post–World War II process in which African, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations gained independence from European colonial powers. |
| Israel | A nation established as a homeland for Jews in part of British-controlled Palestine, leading to ongoing conflict with Arab neighbors. |
| PLO | Founded in 1964; an organization representing Palestinian Arabs, originally dedicated to the creation of an independent Palestinian state. |
| Mao Zedong | Communist revolutionary and founding leader of the People’s Republic of China (1949–1976), known for radical programs like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader after Stalin; known for de-Stalinization, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and attempts to reform the USSR. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Soviet leader (1964–1982) known for political stagnation, heavy military spending, and the Brezhnev Doctrine (intervention to keep communist governments in power). |
| Hungarian Revolt | A popular uprising in Hungary against Soviet control; crushed by Soviet troops, demonstrating the USSR’s dominance over Eastern Europe. |
| Charles de Gaulle | French general and statesman; leader of Free France in WWII and later president who strengthened the French presidency and helped establish the Fifth Republic. |
| Welfare State | A government system that provides social safety nets such as healthcare, pensions, and unemployment benefits. |
| EEC | A regional organization aiming to integrate the economies of European countries; it eventually became the European Union (EU). |
| Jackson Pollock | An American abstract expressionist painter famous for his “drip painting” technique. |
| Jean-Paul Sartre | A French philosopher and writer known for existentialism—the idea that individuals create their own meaning through choices and actions. |
Created by:
travhuber10