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PHIL 1010 Final

Studying for Critical Thinking final

QuestionAnswer
What makes a poll good? Random sample, large sample size, unbiased questions, known margin of error.
What makes a poll bad? Self-selected sample, small sample size, leading questions, biased population.
When is an argument using poll data strong? When the poll is methodologically sound and unbiased.
When is an argument using poll data weak? When the poll sample or questions are flawed.
When is an argument from authority strong? When the authority is an expert in the field, unbiased, supported by most experts, and uses reliable evidence.
When is an argument from authority weak? When the authority is biased, outside their field, disagrees with expert consensus, or lacks evidence.
What strengthens an argument from analogy? Many relevant similarities, few relevant differences.
What weakens an analogy? Irrelevant similarities, many significant differences.
What is the main rule of causation and correlation? Correlation does not imply causation.
What is a post hoc fallacy? Assuming A caused B because A happened first.
What is a common cause fallacy? Two events are correlated because of a third cause.
Necessary condition? Something that must be present for an effect to occur.
Sufficient condition? Something that guarantees the effect when present.
What is testability? The explanation can be tested and potentially proven false.
What is simplicity? Explanation with the fewest assumptions.
What is scope? Explanation accounts for the most facts/evidence.
What is conservatism? Fits with well-established beliefs and knowledge.
What happens when an explanation is untestable? It’s a weak explanation.
: What makes an explanation simple? No unnecessary assumptions.
What makes an explanation conservative? Aligns with what we already know about the world.
What is good moral reasoning? Uses evidence, consistent principles, and avoids fallacies.
Example of moral inconsistency? Accepting a rule in one case but rejecting it in similar cases without reason.
What are the features of irrational conspiracy theories? Unfalsifiable, complex, self-sealing, contradict evidence, rely on hidden groups.
Why do conspiracy theories fail the criteria of adequacy? They lack testability, simplicity, conservatism, and scope.
What is self-sealing reasoning? Evidence against the theory is treated as evidence for it.
What is the goal of critical thinking in morality? Evaluate moral claims with clarity, reasons, and consistency.
What is utilitarianism’s basic rule? The morally right action is the one producing the greatest total happiness.
How do utilitarians decide what to do? Compare total consequences for everyone involved.
Main problems with utilitarianism? Can violate rights, too demanding, hard to measure happiness.
What is the categorical imperative? Act only on rules you could universalize; treat people as ends, not means.
What makes an action moral in Kantian ethics? Following a duty-based moral rule regardless of consequences.
Problems with Kantian ethics? Too rigid, ignores outcomes, conflicting duties.
How do you tell which explanation is simplest? Fewest assumptions.
How do you tell which explanation has most scope? Explains the most facts/events.
What does it mean if an explanation "lacks conservatism"? Conflicts with established knowledge.
What makes an explanation "not testable"? No way to prove it false or check evidence.
What is the key question when judging an analogy? Are the similarities relevant to the conclusion?
What is the key question when judging a poll? Is the sample unbiased and representative?
Created by: amyajones27
 

 



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