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Chapter 26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dawes Plan | A U.S.-backed economic plan that restructured Germany’s World War I reparations payments and provided loans to stabilize the German economy. |
| Treaty of Locarno | A series of agreements in which Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy guaranteed peace in Western Europe and Germany accepted its western borders. |
| Great Depression | A global economic crisis beginning with the 1929 stock market crash, leading to massive unemployment, bank failures, and economic hardship worldwide. |
| John Maynard Keynes | A British economist who argued that governments should increase spending during economic downturns to boost demand and pull economies out of recession. |
| Popular Front | A coalition of left-wing political parties (usually socialists, communists, and liberals) formed in the 1930s to resist fascism, especially in France and Spain. |
| New Deal | A series of programs and reforms launched by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression through job creation, social welfare, and financial regulation. |
| Benito Mussolini | The fascist dictator of Italy (1922–1943) who established a totalitarian state emphasizing nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule. |
| Vatican City | An independent city-state within Rome and the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, established as a sovereign state by the Lateran Treaty (1929). |
| Weimar Republic | Germany’s democratic government after World War I, marked by political instability, economic crises, and eventually replaced by Hitler’s dictatorship. |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of the Nazi Party and dictator of Germany (1933–1945) who established a totalitarian regime, started World War II, and oversaw the Holocaust. |
| Nazi Party | A far-right political party in Germany promoting nationalism, racism, and dictatorship under Hitler. |
| Führer | German for “leader”; the title Hitler adopted, symbolizing his absolute authority in Nazi Germany. |
| Enabling Act | A law that gave Hitler the power to make laws without the Reichstag, effectively creating his dictatorship. |
| SS | An elite paramilitary organization loyal to Hitler, responsible for security, policing, concentration camps, and carrying out many atrocities during the Holocaust. |
| Hitler Jugend | Nazi youth organization aimed at indoctrinating German boys (and girls in a separate branch) with Nazi ideology. |
| Union of Soviet | A socialist/communist state established in 1922 that included Russia and other republics, existing until 1991. |
| Joseph Stalin | Dictator of the Soviet Union (1920s–1953) known for rapid industrialization, collectivization of farms, political repression, and widespread purges. |
| Industrialization | Stalin’s push to rapidly build heavy industry—steel, coal, machinery—to transform the USSR into an industrial power. |
| Collectivization | Stalin’s policy of merging individual farms into large collective farms, leading to famine, resistance, and millions of deaths. |
| Purges | A series of political repressions under Stalin, including arrests, executions, and imprisonment of perceived enemies of the state. |
| Francisco Franco | The fascist dictator of Spain (1939–1975) who rose to power after winning the Spanish Civil War with support from Hitler and Mussolini. |
| Radio, motion pictures | New mass media technologies in the early 20th century that transformed communication, entertainment, and political propaganda. |
| Salvador Dalí | A Spanish surrealist artist known for dreamlike, bizarre images—such as melting clocks—and influential work in painting and film. |
Created by:
travhuber10