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BIO162Exam4Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a theory? Give three examples. | A general set of principles supported by a lot of evidence that explains the natural world. (Atomic theory, cell theory, theory of endosymbiosis. |
| List 2 life facts about Darwin. (Remember, and extra content written on exam counts for extra credit). | Received degree in theology, went on a 5 year voyage as a naturalist among the HMS Beagle. |
| What was the foundation of Darwin's theory of evolution? | Observations and collections during the voyage, and the ideas of others such as Wallace. |
| List Darwin's main ideas (5 total, this card includes first three. | 1. More individuals are born than survive to reproduce. 2. Individuals compete with each other for limited resources. 3. Populations include individuals that vary for inherited traits. |
| List Darwin's main ideas (5 total, this card includes last two). | 4. Within populations, the characteristics of some individuals make them more able to survive a particular environmental challenge. 5. The mechanism of evolution is natural selection. |
| What did Alfred Russel Wallace do? | He came up with the theory of evolution at the same time that Darwin did. |
| List the six lines of evidence for evolution. (4 are needed for the exam, but more = more points.) | 1. Radiometric dating. 2. Fossil record. 3. Comparative morphology and embryology. 4. Bio-geography 5. Gene modification. 6. Experimental evidence |
| What are homologous structures? | Structures found in related organisms that share a common ancestor. (This counts as an evidence for evolution). Mammal arms are a common example. |
| Do individuals evolve? | No! Only a "population" can evolve. |
| What are analogous structures? | Structures in unrelated species that look similar because they have similar functions. |
| How does embryology suggest evolution? | Early stage (embryonic) similarities across different species. (counts as evidence for evolution). |
| List the five agents (mechanisms) of evolution. (4 needed for exam, but more = extra points, including sub-agents found in #3. | 1. Mutations (chromosome changes) 2. Gene flow. (The smaller the population, the greater the change). 3. Genetic Drift -------> Bottleneck Effect ------->Founder Effect 4. Sexual selection 5. Natural selection |
| Define natural selection. | Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
| Define stabilizing natural selection. | Nature favors the average (Aa) individuals and selects against the extremes (AA or aa). Result = less varied and more stable. |
| Define directional selection. | Nature favors one extreme (AA or aa) over the others. Result = the entire population's average shifts in one direction. So if AA is favored, then Aa and aa will decrease until AA is the dominant representative of the population. |
| Define Disruptive selection. | Nature favors both extremes (AA and aa) of a trait while selecting against the average (Aa). Result = population splits into two distinct groups. This is rare and can lead to a new species development. |
| What is the genetic basis for why a new species forms after a population splits? | Gene flow negative (gene mixing (mating) within a species has stopped). This leads to new species and larger groups. |
| How does a drought relate to geographic isolation? | A drought creates a barrier within populations of fish, making mating between the separated groups impossible, which creates negative gene flow. |
| What is behavioral isolation? How does it contribute to evolution and genetics? | It happens when two groups could biologically mate, but they don't because of difference in preferences. Example: some species only prefer mates of the same color, so negative gene flow can occur, making behavioral isolation a contributor to evolution. |
| What is a vestigial structure? | A structure passed down but not used. Example = pelvic bone in whales. |
| How is adaptive radiation set up? | A species is introduced to an environment with few like itself (no competitors). |
| What is the result of adaptive radiation? | No competition = lots of opporutnites (food, habitats). The species undergoes "rapid speciation", meaning it quickly splits into many species to fill all those empty spots. |
| Why is Madagascar a good example of adaptive radiation? | There are 92 countries with primates, including Madagascar, but Madagascar has 36% of all primate families. This indicates adaptive radiation took place, considering how many different families of primates there are on this one island. |
| What is an isolating mechanism? | Factors that separate a species and keep them separate after they split. |
| List the six isolating mechanisms. | 1. ecological (different habitats) 2. temporal (different breeding seasons) 3. behavioral (different courtship preferences) 4. mechanical (physically not a match for sex) 5. gametic (incompatible sperm and egg) 6. Hybrids (babies die or are infertile |
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