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Pathophysiology
Unit 5 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or false: The discriminative pathway is for spatial orientation and the anterolateral pathway is for sensing pain and touch | True |
| What is the correct order of a neuron from the receptor to the somatosensory cortex? | Receptor, first order neuron, dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord, second order neuron, thalamus, third order neuron, somatosensory cortex |
| The Paleospinothalamic tract is described as… | Slower sensation of pain, go to the brain stem, limbic system, thalamus, and cortical regions of the brain |
| What type of pain persists for years, and is the leading cause of disability? | Chronic |
| Which pain sensitivity alteration relates to unpleasant hyperexcitability? | Hyperesthesia |
| Which pain sensitivity alterations respond to reduced or loss of sensation of tactile, temperature, and pain? | All of the above |
| Which type of pain occurs at a non noxious stimulus, meaning something so slight/random will stimulate pain? | Allodynia |
| True or false: neuropathic pain is associated with nervous system pathology that occurs with injury or disease to peripheral nerves. It is caused by nerve entrapment, compression from internal forces, and diseases that damage nerves. | True |
| Which type of neuralgia causes facial ticks, spasms, or episodic stabbing pain and is associated with demyelination of axons of CN 5? | Trigeminal |
| Which type of headache is more common in women, runs in families, and may be associated with seizure disorders. It is also caused by activation of CN 5. | Migraine |
| How does cold help in the treatment of headaches? | Vasoconstriction decreases inflammation |
| Which skeletal muscle disorder is characterized by loss of muscle innervation, loss of contractile proteins, and replacement by fibrous CT? | Denervation atrophy |
| Which skeletal muscle disorder is X-linked, is most common in men, caused by a mutation of the dystrophin protein, and causes the degeneration of muscle and loss of skeletal muscle fibers over time? | Duchenne Muscular dystrophy |
| What are manifestations of Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy? | All of the above |
| True or false: C. botulinum and curare block the effects of acetylcholine and cause paralysis. | True |
| Which disorder is caused by auto-antibodies that damage Ach, is more common in women, and causes muscle weakness and fatigue? | Myasthenia gravis |
| What is an example of a polyneuropathy? | A and C |
| What is another name for a herniated intervertebral disk, typically affects cervical and lumbar regions, and can cause sharp, radiating pain in the extremities? | All of the above |
| Which cerebellar disorder corresponds to a decomposition of movement resulting in jerking, inaccurate and slowed movement? | Cerebellar dystaxia/ataxia |
| Which hypokinetic disorder involves the progressive degeneration of basal ganglia neurons leading to substantial motor impairment? | Parkinson’s Disease |
| True or false: Hyperkinetic disorders involve reduced basal ganglia output and the inability to stop unwanted movement. An example is Huntington’s disease. | True |
| Describe the manifestations of Parkinson’s Disease. | All of the above |
| True or false: Lewy bodies are protein aggregates that develop inside dopamine secreting neurons. The substantia nigra overproduces dopamine in Parkinson’s disease. | False |
| Which upper motor neuron disorder corresponds to inflammation and dsectruction of white matter in the CNS? | Multiple Sclerosis |
| What can cause acute spinal cord injury | All of the above |
| Which type of spinal cord injury only affects the cervical regions of the spinal cord? | Quadriplegia AND tetraplegia |
| Which side of the brain is more creative? | Right |
| Which abnormal posturing condition relates to lesions of the diencephalon, midbrain and upper brain stem and causes rigidity, stiffness and plantarflexion? | Decorticate |
| True or false: The oculocephalic reflex causes the head to rotate and the eyes to move to the opposite side. | True |
| Injury to which part of the brain will cause excessive yawning and signing and progression to a Cheynes-Stokes breathing pattern? | Without brainstem involvement |
| Which level of consciousness describes a person who is able to respond with words but appears drowsy? | Obtundation |
| The Glascow coma scale assesses levels of consciousness in which categories? | A, B, C |
| True or false: Brain death is characterized by a prolonged coma with loss of cognitive function and awareness. Reflexes, sleep-wake cycles and involuntary functions continue. | False |
| Which stage of ICP is characterized by ICP approaching MAP? | Decompensation |
| True or false: The Cushing Reflex causes widespread vasoconstriction and increases in blood pressure in order to force blood into O2 starved brain tissues. | True |
| Compression of which nerve is an early sign of brain herniation? | Oculomotor |
| What condition is characterized by a dysfunctional BBB so that fluid escapes into the ECF around the brain cells? | Vasogenic edema |
| True or false: Non-communicating hydrocephalus relates to obstruction of CSF, whereas communicating hydrocephalus relates to the impaired reabsorption of CSF. | True |
| Which type of contusion is caused by a focal brain injury, and corresponds to the brain hitting the same side of the location of injury? | Coup |
| Which type of head injury doesn’t fracture the skull but has a greater risk of ICP due to secondary brain injury response? | Closed |
| Which type of hematoma occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater? | Subdural |
| True or false: A stroke is an infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of CO2. | False |
| What type of stroke occurs with the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain? | Hemorrhagic Stroke |
| Alxheimer’s is a progressive loss of intellectual function and dementia due to…? | All of the above |
| Which brain infection corresponds to inflammation of the brain and spinal cord parenchymal tissue? | Encephalitis |
| Epilepsy is a recurrent seizure disorder caused by uncoordinated electrical discharge from brain cells. What describes continuous seizures that occur in clusters? | Status epilepticus |
| Which phase of a tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure is characterized by rhythmic jerking? | Clonic |
| Which type of generalized seizures related to a sudden loss of muscle tone? | Atonic |
| Which disorder of the eye is a chronic inflammation that can lead to a granuloma and occurs after an internal hordeolum? | Chalazion |
| What condition relates to inflammation of the conjunctiva? | Conjunctivitis |
| Which type of glaucoma relates to an abnormal increase in intraocular pressure associated with abnormalities of the canal of Schlemm or trauma? | Open-angle |
| True or false: Cataracts are lesions of the lens that result in clouding of the lens so that it can no longer act as a transparent window for incoming light. | True |
| Which type of retinal detachment occurs when the gelatinous matrix liquifies and doesn’t support the retina, which leads to liquid entering the subretinal space? | Rhegmatogenous |
| What causes the separation of the neural and pigmented epithelial layer of the eye, leading to a lack of blood supply to the neurosensory layer, cell death, and blindness? | Retinal detachment |
| Which type of macular degeneration relates to the formation of an inappropriate choroid layer, leaky new blood vessels, development of scar tissue, and eventual loss of central vision? | Wet age-related |
| What is a neoplasm of the retina that occurs in young children? | Retinoblastoma |
| What inflammatory condition of the middle ear and eustachian tube lasts more than 3 months and involves the perforation of the tympanic membrane | Chronic otitis media |
| What is a disorder of the inner ear and causes inappropriate noises that are not produced externally? | Tinnitus |
| What congenital disorder of th epenis is the most common, and involves the formation of the urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis? | Hypospadias |
| Which condition of the male reproductive system involves the twisting of the spermatic cord? | Testicular torsion |
| Which cancer relates to tumors in the testes, a hard, painless mass, enlargement of the testes, dull aching pain in the lower abdomen, and primarily affects boys ages 15-35? | Testicular cancer |
| True or false: A biopsy is discouraged for the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | False |
| What are risk factors for cervical cancer? | All of the above |
| Which condition relates to the stroma and endometrial glands being dispersed between the smooth muscle of the myometrium of the uterus? | Adenomyosis |
| Which condition relates to the herniation of the bladder into the vagina? | Cystocele |
| True or false: Abnormal uterine position is the positioning of the uterus too anterior, too posterior, or a combination of the two. Normal uterine position is at a 45 degrees anterior angle. | True |
| Which condition relates to nodules in the breast tissue that change during the menstrual cycle? | Fibrocystic breast disease |
| Which condition is caused by HPV? | Genital warts |
| What is the most common STI in the US, can lead to cervical/penal discharge, inflammation, fallopian tube damage, and Reiter syndrome (lesions on hands and soles of feet)? | Chlamydia |
| A cancer is a painless sore that appears after the incubation period and is highly contagious. It is associated with which stage of syphilis? | Primary |
| Which condition is described as an inherited defect of collagen synthesis, and results in faulty ossification and brittle bones? It also causes defective teeth, discoloration of the sclera and hearing problems. | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| Which limb saving technique involves receiving a bone from a donor? | Allograft |
| In an autograft, which bone is often used to replace the diseased bone? | Fibula |
| What is a condition in adults that relates to inadequate mineral deposition caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies? | Osteomalacia |
| A discoid butterfly rash is associated with this chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and connective tissue disease. | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| Which pigment disorder is characterized by high levels of homocysteine and sudden appearance of white patches on the skin? | Vitiligo |
| Which bacterial skin disorder is a rash due to inflammation of hair follicles? | Folliculitis |
| Which viral skin disorder is related to contagious blisters/lesions on the skin? | Herpes simplex I |
| Which viral skin disorder sheds off in fine flakes and relates to measles? | Rubeola |
| Which fungal skin disorder relates to an opportunistic fungus infection and thrush in the tongue? | Candida albicans |
| True or false: Tinea is also known by the name “ringworm”. | True |
| Which inflammatory skin disorder is related to an autoimmune condition, presents in older age, and has itchy and large lesions on the mouth and skin? | Lichen planus |
| Which hypersensitivity skin disorder is an itchy rash caused by skin mites and manifests in between the fingers? | Scabies |
| True or false: Alopecia is a hair disorder and is a loss of hair due to genetic pattern baldness. | True |
| What is a common harmless rash that appears and reappears in newborns? | Erythema toxicum neonatorum |
| What is a slow advancing carcinoma that relates to abnormal and excessively dividing keratinocytes? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| A second degree burn that reaches the epidermis and reticular dermis is called a… | Deep partial thickness |
| How can decubitus ulcers form? | All of the above |
| True or false: Immobilization, poor circulation, poor nutrition, age, and reduced pain sensation are all risk factors for pressure ulcers/bed sores. | True |
| Which stage of bed sore (decubitus ulcer) formation is there a break in the skin with inflammation, edema, and potential for infection? | Stage 2 |
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