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PCR Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Family form | who is in family |
| traditional family | 2 parents (mom & dad) + bio children |
| polygamy | one person has more than one spouse |
| polygyny | men having more than one wife |
| polyandry | women having more than one husband |
| family function | How do families meet each other’s needs |
| prevalence of single parents | second most common family form |
| 4 reasons for being a single parent | Never married but have children *Separation/divorce Death of spouse Don’t want a partner to have kids |
| most common reason for single parents | separation/divorce |
| who is most often single parent? | mothers |
| what are females w/ children without partner/spouse called? | single mothers by choice, solo mothers |
| ___% of single parent families live below the poverty line | 37.2 |
| ___% of 2 parent families living below poverty line | 6.3 |
| does amount of support or satisfaction matter more? | satisfaction (quality) |
| cumulative risk model | More risk factors --> more likely children have interaction problems |
| 4 child outcomes of single-parents | It depends Single by choice no difference Parents who are not single by choice often fair worse These findings are quantitative data (averages) |
| What percentage of marriages end in divorce? | 45% |
| Common denominator among most divorcing parents | High rates of conflict --> range of negative effects of children |
| common parenting behaviors during divroce | Less effective monitoring and supervision, inconsistent discipline + harsh discipline), reduces P-C warmth/affection |
| conflict is highest ____ after divorce | first 2 years |
| children as pawns | Not good; parents shouldn’t be disclosing major details about divorce or talking about partner to child |
| discounting | one parent discounts another; negative comments, derogatory ideals --> can shade child’s perception of parent or lead child to internalize these labels |
| messenger or go-between | children are carrier pigeons between divorcing partners for court dates, child support, etc. |
| I Spy | parents said children to “dig up dirt” on other parent (e.g., new relationships, what they are up to, etc.) |
| initial stage of adaptation post-divorce | after decision is revealed; high stress, aggressive conflict + unhappiness both increase |
| transition stage of adaptation post-divorce | begins about 1 year after, lasts up to 3 years; emotions normalize, restructuring process (new patterns, quality of life, visitation routines established) |
| restabalization stage of adaptation post-divorce | about 5 years after separation, new single-parent family system or blended fam = more stable |
| what influences child adjustment | Child’s age, gender, past experience |
| facing reality post-divorce | no more love and attachment; insecurity, sadness, relief, anger/hate |
| physical separation | child may experience feelings of abandonment |
| family reorganization | divorced adults must form new relationship with kids; rules, roles, interaction patterns, and living conditions |
| family redefinition | children learn two sets of patterns and rules b/c now members of 2 single-parent family systems |
| what percent of individuals remarry | 27% |
| 6 patterns in stepfamily development | Accepting of stepparent Virtual immediate affinity or liking Ambivalent acceptance Changing feelings concerning stepparent Openly rejecting Coexisting under same roof under duress |
| 3 central themes to blended families | Giving up unrealistic expectations for the new family system Clarifying feelings and needs of each family member Committing to the new rules, roles, boundaries, and routines |
| what is SES measured on? | Parental occupation, highest educational degree obtained, & income |
| financial capital | money |
| human capital | availability, involvement, and motivation of other people to promote child development |
| social capital | access to connection within community |
| how do we measure poverty in US | Family income, adjustments made depending on family size, composition, & inflation rates |
| poverty threshold for family of 4 | $31,812 |
| percent/ratio of children living in poverty | 19% of children; 1:5 |
| HOME Observation | Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Assessment |
| unhoused families are usually headed by ____ and are ____ found on the street | mothers; rarely |
| most homeless for less than ____ months | 5 |
| longer periods of homelessness leads to | more internalizing symptoms among children (anxiety, depression, social withdrawal) |
| children from affluent families are at risk for | anxiety, aggression, delinquency, relationship difficulties, emotional regulation difficulties, attention difficulties, physical problems |
| why are children from affluent fams at risk? | less parental involvement, higher pressure to achieve, isolation from parents, parents are workaholics, parentification |
| ACE Study: participants and type of data | o Done on 17k+ middle-class adults in CA o Retroactive data: ACEs in first 18 years of life, then looking at current physical and mental health |
| 10 ACEs | DV, substance abuse, mental health, separation or divorce, incarceration, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect |
| ACE study: ___% reported 1-2 ACEs | 42 |
| ACE study: ___% reported 3+ ACEs | 22 |
| prevalence of parents with serious mental health or subtance use problems | 1:5 experience mental illness 12% of youth have parents with substance abuse disorder |
| 6 commonly studied mental health disorders | Depression Anxiety Schizophrenia Antisocial personality Bipolar, Alcohol/substance abuse disorder |
| focus of research with mental health is _____. why? | mothers; primary caregiver |
| co-occurrence | two or more problems within family system |
| comorbidity | two or more disorders in the individual |
| influential factors of parenting/child rearing with mental health | type of mental health problem, the severity of it, whether it is chronic or acute |
| epigenetics | genetic transmission and biological vulnerability x environment |
| children with special needs susceptibility | susceptible to maltreatment, abuse, and neglect |
| 4 sources of parental stress (special needs) | Financial costs Concerns for safety Concerns for future Challenges working with support services |
| parental self-stigma | When parents internalize the disapproval and criticism, they experience in the culture related to having a child with a disability |
| how parenting is impacted with IPV | Overwhelm w/ stress and trying to cope --> less warmth, more frequent verbal or physical harsh punishment |
| who is most common perpetrator of IPV | father |
| meta-analysis IPV findings | Children exposed to IPV are more likely to internalizing and externalizing problems, especially boys |
| what contributes to positive father-child relationships (parental incarceration) | regular contact with child prior to release and good family support |
| how parenting might be at risk after wars and natural disasters: | More likely to be permissive during this time; in survival mode PTSD, anxiety, and/or depression |
| WEIRD societies | western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic |
| % of research participants from WEIRD societies | 95 |
| % of developmental psych research conducted in US | 90 |
| why is perception of topics skewed? | b/c it is based on minority populations of the world |
| 3 components of developmental niche | physical and social environment customs of child rearing and childcare (cultural niche) parental psychology/ethnotheories: beliefs, attitudes, values |
| % of infants who have secure attachment | 70 |
| what role does culture play in attachment | Attachment isn’t universal; some countries may view strange situation outcomes as secure |
| values | individual's principles or what someone judges to be important |
| individualism | autonomy, independence |
| collectivism | interdependence, larger group goals emphasized |
| findings from UNICEF survey on parental control and discipline | 82% of caregivers across ALL countries reported children experienced psychologically aggressive and physical violent over past month |
| collectivist countries are ___ likely to be ____ in parenting style | more; authoritarian |
| Pinquart & Kauser meta-analysis study | authoritative parenting linked to better child outcomes |
| microaggressions | Brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities (intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards POC |
| what Latinx group is most studied and largest in population? | Mexican Americans |
| what helps explain differences among Latinx parents? | Increased diversity within group (e.g., ancestry) |
| respeto | respect authority and adults |
| familism | family-centered approach; positive attitudes to parents, enjoy family life |
| machismo | parenting style that values manliness, self-reliance |
| educacion | traditional education, developmental of children in terms of morality and interpersonal relationships |
| no-nonsense parenting | Respect for authority, quick compliance, demanding discipline, and acceptance of child |
| cultural socialization | social messages that teach children about race |
| preparation for bias | educating children about discrimination and how to cope |
| promotion of mistrust | distrust of and separateness from other groups (difference = no info for coping) |
| egalitarianism | value individualism vs. membership in racial group |
| issues with current Asian American family research | Lack of differentiation of ancestry to understand unique experiences |
| guarded separation socialization: % and description | 10.5%; Frequent messages about maintaining heritage and told to avoid outgroups |
| active socialization: % and description | 46%; Frequent messages about maintaining heritage and becoming Americans; did not warn children about avoiding outgroups |
| passive integration socialization: % & description | 43%: Reminded children about maintaining heritage culture but gave few messages about avoiding outgroups , most pride in heritage |
| Native American families: health & well-being --> ACEs | More susceptible to PTSD Maltreatment, poverty, unemployment, alcohol abuse, IPV, gambling, delinquency, suicide |
| Seven generations belief | Must remember and learn from past; make responsible decisions in the present because it will impact future generations |
| multiracial marriage is | marriage btwn races |
| Loving v. Virginia | Court case that determined interracial marriage was legal (b/c banning it violates 14th amendment) |
| common topics addressed within research | Microaggressions, discrimination, bias (some comes from within family) |
| multiracial individuals have the ____ rates of drug use of any ethnic group | highest |
| multiracial youth drug use is ____x higher than other youth groups | 2-5 |
| first generation immigrant | person living permanently in a country different from which they were born |
| second-generation immigrant | person who was born in a new country to at least one parent who was born in a different country |
| acculturation definition | Process of learning about, taking on, and adapting to norms and values of majority society (not quick process) |
| enculturation | Process by which person learns about one’s own cultural group |
| acculturation gaps | one person is more adapted/connected to culture than someone else; can cause friction within fams (less warmth + less likely to reason with kids) |
| those who are second generation immigrants acculturate at a _____ rate | faster |
| language brokering | Children acting as translators for parents, can lead to parentification |
| immigrants and economic stress (%) | 15% of those living in country different from where they were born are living in poverty |
| statistical prevalence of religion in US (religious vs. nonreligious) | 84% claim to be member of religious group; 1:5 people claimed no religious identity |
| 6 things religion influences regarding parenting behaviors | 1) values and beliefs 2) who children are 3) level of parental involvement & investment 4) parental attitudes & responses for child 5) infant feeding practices 6) coping with child's health or development |
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