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History Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Contract with America | a list of eight specific legislative reforms or initiatives that Republican representatives promised to enact if they gained a majority Congress in the 1994 midterm elections |
| gender gap | the statistical differences between the voting preferences of women and men, with women favoring Democratic candidates |
| Green Party | a political party founded in 1984 that advocates environmentalism and grassroots democracy |
| HIV/AIDS | a deadly immune deficiency disorder discovered in 1981, and at first largely ignored by politicians because of its prevalence among gay men. |
| New Right | A loose coalition of American conservatives, consisting primarily of wealthy business people and evangelical Christians, which developed in response to social changes of the 1960s and 70s |
| Operation Desert Storm | The U.S. name of the war waged from January to April 1991, by coalition forces against Iraq in reaction to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. |
| Reaganomics | Ronald Reagan's economic policy, which suggested that lowering taxes on the upper income brackets would stimulate investment and economic growth. |
| START | A treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that limited the number of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers held by both sides. |
| Vietnam Syndrome | reluctance on the part of American politicians to actively engage U.S. forces in a foreign war for fear of suffering a humiliating defeat. |
| war on drugs | a nationwide political campaign to implement harsh sentences for drug crimes, which produced an explosive growth of the prison population. |
| stagflation | high inflation combined with high unemployment and slow economic growth |
| Vietnamization | the Nixon administration's policy of turning over responsibility for the defense of South Vietnam to Vietnamese forces |
| Silent majority | a majority whose political will is usually not heard- in this case, northern, white, blue-collar voters |
| Pentagon papers | government documents leaked to the New York Times that revealed the true nature of the conflict in Vietnam and turned many definitively against the war. |
| Identity politics | political movements or actions intended to further in interest of a particular group membership, based on culture, race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender, or sexual orientation |
| Detente | the relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union |
| Dixiecrats | conservative southern Democrats who opposed integration and the other goals of the African American civil rights movement |
| Deep throat | anonymous source, later revealed to be associate director of the FBI Mark Felt, who supplied reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information about Whitehouse involvement in the Watergate break in. |
| Southern Strategy | political strategy that called for appealing to southern whites by resisting calls for greater advancements in civil rights |
| War on Poverty | Lyndon Johnson's plan to end poverty in the U.S. through the extension of federal benefits, job training programs, and funding for community development |
| Title VII | section of Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of gender |
| Port Huron Statement | political manifesto of Students for a Democratic Society that called for social reform, nonviolent protest, and greater participation in the democratic process by ordinary Americans |
| naval quarantine | Kennedy's use of ships to prevent Soviet access to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Flexible response | military strategy that allows for the possibility of responding to threats in a variety of ways, including counterinsurgency, conventional war, and nuclear strikes |
| Counterisurgency | new military strategy under the Kennedy administration to suppress nationalist independence movements and rebel groups in the developing world. |
| Black Pride | a cultural movement among African Americans to encourage pride in their African heritage and substitute African art forms, behavior, and cultural products for those of whites |
| baby boom | marked increase in U.S. birthrate during 1946-1964 |
| blacklist | list of people suspected of having Communist sympathies who were denied work as a result |
| Cold War | prolonged period of tension between U.S. and Soviet Union based on ideological conflicts, competition for military, economic, social and technological superiority, and marked by surveillance, assassinations, arms race, alliance attempts, and proxy wars. |
| containment | U.S. sought to limit expansion of Communism abroad |
| domino theory | theory that if Communism made inroads in one nation, surrounding nations would also succumb one by one |
| GI Bill | program that gave substantial benefits to those who served in World War II |
| Iron Curtain | Winston Churchill coined; referred to portions of East Europe that the Soviet Union influenced and could no longer control their own affairs |
| massive retaliation | defense strategy- Mutual assured destruction- adopted by Eisenhower; called for launching a large-scale nuclear attack on Soviet Union in response to a first Soviet Strike on U.S. |
| Sputnik | first manmade orbital satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in October 1967 |
| states' rights | political belief that the states possess authority beyond federal law, usually seen as supreme law of land, and thus can oppose federal law. |
| Great Society | Lyndon Johnson's plan to create a society which would fight to combat racial discrimination and eliminate poverty. |
| Black Power | the power of African Americans to unite as a political force and create their own institutions apart from white dominated ones |
| Black Separatism | argument that African Americans should live apart from whites and solve their problems for themselves |
| executive privilege | power of the president to withhold information from Congress |
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