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PubHlth Finat Pt2.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Immigrant Health Paradoxes? | Immigrants have different health characteristics compared to the native-born due to personal characteristics, exposure to places of origin, destination, and the migration process itself. |
| What is Paradox #1: Protective Effect? | Immigrants generally have better health outcomes than the US-born, including their ethnic counterparts and US-born whites. |
| What is the Latino Health Paradox? | Latino immigrants who have better health despite poorer socioeconomic status (SES). |
| What is Paradox #2: Diminishment over time? | The health advantage observed among immigrants tends to diminish the longer they reside in the United States. Immigrants who have lived in the US for fewer years often have a lower prevalence of certain diseases. |
| How do the paradoxes show up for different immigrant groups? | Foreign-born Asians and Latinos show a lower risk for hypertension, heart disease, asthma, and diabetes compared to US-born Whites, even after adjusting for SES differences — even though Asian and Latino immigrants have very different SES patterns. |
| How does health protection change over time for Asian and Black immigrants? | This health protection also declines for Asian and Black immigrants with longer duration in the US. |
| What is the Health Selection explanation for immigrant health #1 paradox? | Immigrants must have a minimum level of health to make the benefits of migration outweigh the cost ,physical and economic Healthier individuals are positively selected for migration,explains why they have positive health status compared to the U.S.-born. |
| What is the Cultural Protection/Acculturation (Behaviors) explanation for immigrant health #2 paradox? | Immigrants have unique health-promoting ethnic behaviors.The decline of health is explained by the loss of these behaviors as they become Americanized Negative Acc. Research suggests some behavioral changes occur, but do not fully explain the decline |
| What is the Accumulation of Immigrant-Specific Stressors explanation for immigrant health #2 paradox? | Factors unique to the immigrant experience contribute to health decline, including language barriers, discrimination, cross-border ties, and immigration policy and enforcement. These stressors activate biopsychosocial pathways. |
| How is immigration enforcement a specific stressor; | Federal immigration raids were associated with an increased risk of low birth weight among Latina Mothers (both US-born and immigrant) in Iowa. |
| What did the Alameda County study show? | One of the first studies to link social relationships and health. |
| What did Burkheim say about social bonds? | Individuals are bonded to society by attachment (maintaining ties) and regulation (being held by society's values/norms). |
| What does Bowlby's Attachment Theory state? | Attachment Theory is a universal need to form close affectional bonds. These bonds provide a secure base and offer love, security, and nonmaterial resources. |
| What is the Theoretical Model of Social Relationships and Health? | A “cascading causal process” links macro-social conditions to health outcomes via social networks and psychosocial mechanisms. |
| What are #1 Structural Conditions in the Theoretical model of Social Relationships and Health? | Culture, socioeconomic factors (inequality, poverty), politics, and social change. |
| What are #2 Social Networks in the Theoretical model of Social Relationships and Health? | Determined by structural conditions, characterized by size, density, distance, and the reciprocity/intimacy of ties. |
| What are the types of 1. Social Support in #3 psychosocial mechanisms? | Emotional (love, caring), Instrumental (tangible help, like paying bills or grocery shopping), Appraisal (feedback/decision help), and Informational (advice). Enacted vs. Perceived support. |
| What is 2. Social Influence in #3 psychosocial mechanisms ? | Exertion of network values and norms (e.g., peer pressure) that guide behavior. |
| What is 3. Social Engagement/Attachment in #3 psychosocial mechanisms? | Participation in meaningful social contexts (e.g., joining a club), reinforcing social roles, and providing a sense of value and identity. |
| What is the Loneliness Epidemic? | Social connection has gone down from 2003 to 2020; time spent alone increased; social engagement went from 60 to 20 minutes a day; can be as dangerous as smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day. |
| What is 4. person-to-person contact in #3 psychosocial mechanisms? | Physical contact, exposure to infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS). itimatecontact |
| What is meant by 5. access to resources/material goods in #3 psychosocial mechanisms? | Resources accessed through network membership. Social Capital: Bonding social capital (strong ties among similar people). Bridging social capital (connections between different groups, “weak ties,” enabling information and social mobility). |
| What are negative 6. social interactions in #3 psychosocial mechanisms? | Demands, criticism, and abuse, which negatively influence stress pathways. |
| What is a direct connection between social relationships and health? | Social Relationships directly affect functioning. Example: Social engagement improves self-esteem and mental health. |
| What is an indirect (buffering) connection between social relationships and health ? | Social relationships reduce the impact of other risk factors not related to social relationships, such as stress. Example: Emotional social support can buffer the negative impacts of interpersonal discrimination. |
| What are direct behavioral pathway connections (social relationships influence behaviors that are either health-promoting or health-damaging)? | Social influence can provide opportunities for sharing behaviors, establishing norms around such behaviors, and supporting behavioral decisions (e.g., cigarette smoking and family members). Person-to-person contact related to infectious diseases. |
| What are indirect behavioral pathway connections(social relationships influence behaviors that are either health-promoting or health-damaging)? | Social Support can indirectly discourage someone from engaging in maladaptive behaviors, such as smoking or drinking, in response to a stressor. |
| What are direct psychosocial pathway connections (affect self-esteem, social competence, depression, and self-efficacy, one's confidence in one's ability to perform a specific behaviors)? | Social engagement (e.g., joining a church) can provide positive affect and self-esteem, which improves mental health. |
| What are indirect psychosocial pathway connections (affect self-esteem, social competence, depression, and self-efficacy, one's confidence in one's ability to perform a specific behaviors) ? | Chronic stress creates feelings of helplessness, associated with depression. Social support (leading to higher self-efficacy) can counteract these feelings and reduce depression risk. |
| What are physiological pathways involving stress and immunity (are how social relationships affect the body's physical functioning)? | Social isolation is associated with markers of inflammation in the body. Example: Common cold symptoms and social ties. |
| What are direct cognitive functioning connections ? | Social engagement and ties may produce cognitive reserve by communication, recall of experiences, and problem solving. |
| What are indirect cognitive functioning connections? | Social Support can indirectly offset negative cognitive outcomes (e.g., after strokes) by promoting cognitive resilience. |
| According to the health selection theory, which statements are true? | d) all are true; |
Created by:
tbb09