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Stack #4589489
final 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferents of the ANS | Nociceptors and Physialogicial receptors |
| Efferents of the ANS | sympathetic and parasympathetic divison |
| In general, nociceptive activation promotes | activation of the sympathetic NS |
| Nociceptive information is carried into the CNS through the | antrolateral system |
| Activation of nociceptors signals | potential tissue damage |
| The physiological receptors respond to many types of stimuli that must be monitored to | maintain body homeostasis |
| Chemoreceptors that monitor | blood chemistry like oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose |
| information on the amount of glucose in the blood is sent to the | satiety center in the hypothalamus where low levels trigger a feeling of hunger. |
| mechanoreceptors respond to | stretch on organ walls |
| . Generally, the afferents associated with the physiological receptors carry information into the CNS through the | cranial nerves |
| Through the anterolateral system, nociceptive information is transferred through spinoreticular and spinolimbic tracts to the | reticular formation and the limbic system, |
| Much of the physiological information is transmitted to the | solitary nucleus in the medulla |
| all the CNS structures contribute to | receiving autonomic information and coordinating autonomic responses |
| The sympathetic outflow starts with activation of the | preganglionic nuerons |
| where are preganglionic nuerons located | lateral horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord |
| preganglionic neurons produce | Ach as their neurotransmitter |
| postganglionic neurons are located either in the | paravertebral ganglia or the prevertebral ganglia, |
| Postganglionic neurons directly | innervate the organs and may produce ACh, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. |
| Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous produce _____ as their main neurotransmitter. | ACH |
| The parasympathetic division is also arranged in | pre and post ganglionic neurons |
| the parasympathetic division is also referred to as the | craniosacral division. |
| The postganglionic( Of PNS) neurons are located mostly in the | walls of organs |
| vertebrae develop from the | sclerotome portion of the somite |
| a bundle of lumbar and spinal nerves extends caudally to exit the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum in a structure called | cauda equina |
| The caudal cauda equina is anchored to the coccyx by the | filum terminale ligament |
| CSF cushions the spinal cord by circulating through the | central canal |
| At each spinal level, the spinal nerves | innervate a specific section of the body with cervical nerves innervating the head, neck, and arms; thoracic nerves innervating the torso, thoracic, and abdominal organs; |
| The white matter is composed of | ascending and descending axonal tracts in the spinal cord |
| The gray matter is divided into 10 anatomical regions called | Rexed’s laminae |
| The autonomic neurons here communicate with each other through | dorsal rami and communicating rami |
| Proprioceptive information travels to the | cerebellum in spinocerebellar tracts |
| Central pattern generators are | neuronal circuits found in the lumbar spinal cord |
| the action of central pattern generators is best seen in | infants |
| ). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative condition that leads to loss of | upper and lower nuerons, and is 100 percent fatal |
| orthostatic hypotension | rapid decrease in blood pressure when moving to a more upright position |
| Which of the following spinal cord syndromes describes the symptoms seen with a hemi section of the spinal cord? | Anterior cord syndrome |
| the mamillary bodies are part of the | limbic cortex |
| The anterior surface of the medulla is composed of the corticospinal fibers that form the | pyramids |
| The most anterior midbrain area is the | st anterior midbrain area is the basis pedunculi (cerebral peduncle) made up of the crus cerebri |
| The midbrain tegmentum is the area between the | cerebral pend uncle and the cerebral aqueduct |
| A major structure at this midbrain level is | superior cerebellar peduncle decussation. |
| The basilar section contains mostly | motor fibers |
| Decussation of the corticospinal and medial lemniscus fibers occurs in | the medulla. |
| The tegmental area of the pons contains nuclei for the | facial, abducens, and trigeminal cranial nerves |
| the reticular formation integrates | sensory and cortical information; somatic motor, autonomic function,and concsousus |
| The major reticular nuclei include the | VTA PPN and MRA |
| The reticular formation is associated with | arousal, wakefullnes, attention |
| The VTA produces | dopamine |
| The PPN contains | cholinergic neurons that send acetylcholine to the frontal cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum. |
| The raphe nuclei produce | seritonin |
| Similarly, the tracts from the locus coeruleus distribute norepinephrine to the | spinal cord and cortex |
| Which reticular formation nuclei produce acetylcholine? | PPN |
| Which reticular formation nuclei produce acetylcholine? | forebrain primary vesticle |
| the diancephalon is located | inferior to the cerebral hemispheres |
| The nonspecific nuclei are involved in regulating | consciousness, arousal, and attention and include the intralaminar and reticular nuclei. |
| the hypothalmus is located adjactent to the | pituitary gland |
| The subthalamus is located superior to | the substantia nigra of the midbrain |
| The epithalamus is the site of the | pineal gland |
| The telencephalon is made up of the | cerebral hemispheres |
| On a more macro level, the cerebral cortex is anatomically arranged into | six lobes |
| frontal cortex | motor control |
| The nuclei in the limbic lobe are important for | emotional processing and memory formation |
| The sixth cerebral lobe is not always recognized as a distinct cerebral lobe. It is located within the lateral sulcus that separates the frontal and temporal lobes. The | insular lobe is important in autonomic regulation, regulation of the immune system, and maintenance of homeostasis |
| sensorimotor processing | the role of the limbic system in regulating emotions and memory, |
| In general, sensory integration is carried out in areas of the cortex called | sensory association areas |
| There are also single modality sensory association areas for | the auditory system in the temporal lobe |
| The limbic system also interacts with | immune and endocrine systems through the hypothalamus |
| Short-term memories involve | long-term potentiation in hippocampus |
| formation of procudeal memories happen from a | cognitive phase, associative phase, and then a automatic phase |
| chronic activation of the stress hormones from the adrenal glands can lead to | cardiac malfunction and decreased immunity |
| The cerebrovascular system provides nutrients from | blood to CNS and PNS thru arteries and |
| the BBB is made up of | endothelial cells |
| Arterial blood is supplied to the brain through a group of arteries connected by the | circle of willis |
| Blood originating from the aorta is transferred through the | internal cartoid arteries |
| The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the | temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes. |
| The posterior cerebral arteries supply the | occipital lobe |
| Watershed areas are vulnerable to | ischemia |
| If there were damage to the basilar artery, where would the resulting brain damage occur? | brain stem |
| Once spent, deoxygenated blood is transferred to | venonus cappilaries |
| Two sets of veins drain the cerebrum, the | superficial veins drain the cortex and the adjacent white matter |
| The buildup of blood can lead to large amounts of pooled blood in the | CNS tissue |
| The larger the artery that is occluded, the more | symptoms |
| Strokes affecting the posterior cerebral arteries affect function of the | occipital lobe |
| Aneurysms are outpocketings of an artery due to a weakness | in the vessle wall |
| CSF is produced in | ventricles |
| the lateral ventricles are | C shaped |
| The choroid plexus produces CSF from blood and transfers it into the | ventricular lumens |
| Bleeds can happen in | mengies layers |
| hematomas can create | seperations in menges and compress brain tissue |
| hydrocephalus means | water in the brain |
| triventricular hydrocephalus, | occurs when there is a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct that leads to expansion of the lateral and third ventricles |
| At what location would a blockage in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid lead to expansion of the fourth ventricle? | Beginning of the spinal cord central canal |
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