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GEOS FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages of water phases? | evaporation,condensation,precipitation, collection, infiltration, percolation, and sublimation |
| What is evaporation? | liquid to gas |
| What is condensation? | gas to liquids/cloud |
| What is precipitation? | water falling from clouds |
| What is collection? | water gathering in bodies or flowing over land |
| What is infiltration? | soaking into ground |
| What is percolation? | moving underground |
| What is sublimation? | ice to vapor |
| What phases of the water cycle give off energy to the environment? | condensation, freezing, and deposition |
| What is humidity? | the amount of water vapor in the air |
| What is the function of humidity? | maximum volume of water or a mass of air increases sharply with rising temp |
| What is specific humidity? | the actual amount of water vapor held by a parcel of air (g/kg) |
| What is relative humidity? | compares the amount of water vapor present to the maximum amount that the air can hold at that temp (%) |
| What does relative humidity tell us? | nothing about the total amount of water vapor in the air |
| What is dew drop point? | air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated and is another measure of the actual amount of vapor present |
| What is atmospheric stability? | the atmosphere's tendency to resist or enhance vertical air movement |
| What is atmospheric lifting? | the process where air rises, cools, and condenses leading to cloud precipitation formation |
| Air can be forced to rise due to what? | fronts,orography,convergence, and convection |
| The atmosphere needs what in order for air to rise? | F.O.C.C ( fronts, orography, convergence, and convection |
| What are the different types of clouds? | cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, altocumulus,altostratus, strato,stratocumulus, nimbo stratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus, |
| What is radiation fog? | forms at night under clear skies with calm winds when heat absorbed by the earth's surface during the day is radiated into space |
| What is advection fog? | occurs when a moist, relatively warm layer of air is blown over a cooler surface |
| What is evaporation fog? | Occurs when water evaporates from a warm water surface adding water vapor to the cold over layering air |
| What is precipitation? | key difference between sleet and freezing rain is how deep the near-surface cold layer |
| When ice converts directly to water vapor (solid to gas), what happens to energy? | The water gains energy. |
| The environmental lapse rate is 15.0°C / 1000 m. What type of stability does this indicate? | Absolutely unstable |
| The Saffir-Simpson Scale provides an indication of the damage to expect from the wind, flooding, and storm surge of a tropical cyclone. All of these hazards are accounted for in this scale. | False |
| Which of the following would cause the tropical cyclone storm surge to be LOWEST? | landfall along an open coastline (no bays or other enclosed areas) |
| Which of the following features signals a mid-latitude cyclone has reached its maximum intensity? | occluded front |
| What type of fault occurs when the rock on either side of the fault moves away from each other causing the rock on one side to slip down an inclined fault surface? | normal |
| Which method of measuring the size of an earthquake is directly related to the amount of energy released during the quake? | moment magnitude |
| hat type of rock occurs when layers of material (e.g., minerals, organic material, etc.) get compacted and cemented together? | sedimentary |
| Laws passed by a government that act to limit the emission of blanket gases is an example of what type of response to climate change? | mitigation |
| Which of the following describes the situation where a small population of some organism is blown onto a different island by a storm, becomes isolated, and evolves into a different population? | founder effect |
| What are the conditions for moisture? | sufficient water vapor in the air |
| What are the conditions for lifting mechanisms? | air must rise and cool to reach saturation |
| What are the functions for condensation nuclei? | tiny particles for water vapor to condense onto |
| Conditions for rain? | air temp is above freezing from cloud to ground |
| Conditions for snow? | air temp is below freezing all the way from the clouds base to the ground |
| Conditions for sleet? | Snow melts in a warm layer aloft, then refreezes into ice pellets as it falls through a deep cold layer near the surface. |
| Conditions for freezing rain? | Snow melts in a warm layer, but the cold layer near the ground is too shallow for refreezing; the liquid rain freezes on contact with cold surfaces. |
| Conditions for hail? | Forms in strong thunderstorms with powerful updrafts, where ice pellets are tossed up and down, collecting layers of supercooled water before falling. |
| Atmospheric stability | Unstable air leads to convective (showery) precipitation, while stable air produces stratiform (steady) precipitation. |
| Topography | Mountains force air upward (orographic lift), causing increased precipitation on windward sides |
| Moisture | maritime (m) or continental (c) |
| Temperature | atric (a) polar (p) tropical (t) or antarctic (aa) |
| Where do air masses originate from? | large, uniform geographical areas called source regions |
| what above characteristics mean for moisture and temp? | warmer air can hold significantly more water vapor than colder air. |
| Warm air | high capacity |
| Cool air | low capacity |
| Dry-bulb temp | This is the standard air temperature you see on a thermometer and is most commonly used. |
| Relative humidity | This percentage tells you how much moisture is currently in the air relative to the maximum amount it could hold at that specific temperature |
| Dew point temp | This is a more direct and reliable measure of the actual amount of moisture (water vapor) in the air. It is the temperature at which the air would become fully saturated (100% RH). |
| High dew point | Indicates a large amount of moisture and feels "muggy" or "sticky" outside, typically anything above 65°F (18°C). |
| Low dew point | Indicates very dry air and a comfortable feeling, typically less than 55°F (12.7°C). |
| Heat index | This combines the effects of air temperature and relative humidity to describe how hot it feels to the human body, as high humidity makes it harder for sweat to evaporate and cool us down |
| Life of a mid-latitude cyclone | cyclogenesis, open or mature stage, ocluded stage |
| What is cyclogenesis? | initial development of a low pressure center typically along a stationary front |
| What is the open or mature stage? | identified by the clear presence of a warm and cold front |
| What is the occluded stage? | occluded front separates low from warm air at the surface, and low begins filling |
| What are the 4 types of fronts? | cod, warm, occluded, and stationary |
| What is a cold front? | cold air pushes against warmer air |
| What is a warm front? | air pushes against cooler air |
| What is an occluded front? | cold front "catches up" to a warm front and lifts off the surface |
| What is a stationary front? | boundary between air masses that doesn't move much |
| What do cb's contain? | large, smaller ice and super cooled liquid water |
| Collisions between 3 cloud electrification can lead to what? | charge transfer, gravity then separates the different charges in the cloud |
| When do maximum and minimum occur during a thunderstorm and why? | During a single-cell thunderstorm, maximum and minimum values of various weather elements occur during specific stages of its life cycle (cumulus, mature, and dissipating) due to the internal dynamics of updrafts and downdrafts |
| How are tornadoes classified? | by the fujita system and saffir-simpson scale |
| What are categories of tornadoes based on? | measured wind speed and do not account for other destructive properties (storm surge) |
| Where do tornado fatalities occur? | the great plains, Ohio valley, and south east |
| Where do tropical cyclones form? | Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters in specific regions, . : the North Atlantic, Northeast Pacific, Northwest Pacific, North Indian Ocean, Southwest Indian Ocean, Southeast Indian Ocean, and Southwest Pacific |
| Where do tropical cyclones not form? | Tropical cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons) generally do not form within 5 degrees latitude of the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect |
| What is the structure of a tropical cyclone? | a calm, low-pressure Eye at the center, surrounded by the most intense part of the storm, the Eyewall, a ring of violent thunderstorms with heavy rain and strong winds |
| What are the conditions necessary for a tropical cyclone to form? | Sea surface temp less than 26 degress Celsius (-79 F) to a depth of 60 M, enhanced mid-trophospher and low level moisture, conditional stability, above normal low level relative vortivity (spin) weak vertical wind shear, sufficient planetary vorticity |
| What are some impacts of a tropical cyclone? | destructive winds, torrential rain,and massive storm surges causing flooding, structural damage, erosion, and loss of life |
| What are the volcanic types? | shield, strato, cinder cones, and calderas |
| Volcanic eruption characteristics? | viscosity, volatiles, and volume |
| Viscosity | stickiness of magma, the higher the viscosity means more volcanic eruptions |
| Volatiles | gases dissolved in magma most common gas is water vapor |
| Earth quake magnitude | mercalli intensity scale is related to what shaking feels like and the damage the earthquake causes |
| Moment magnitude | relates to the amount of energy released in an earthquake |
| 3 different ways to measure the size of an earthquake | moment magnitude scale, richter scale, modified mercalli intensity scale |
| What are the three types of plate boundaries? | divergent, transform, and convergent |
| What is a convergent boundary? | plates move into each other |
| What is a divergent boundary? | plates move away from eachother |
| What is a transform boundary? | plates move horizontally next to eachother |
| Communities | species richness refers to the total number of species in a community |
| Species eveness | refers to the relative abundance of each species in a community |
| Populations are often identified by what main patterns? | clumped distribution, random, and uniform |
| Advantages of clumped distribution | increased protection from predators, easier mating oppurtunities and better access to food and resources |
| Disadvantages of clumped distribution | increased competition for food/mates, rapid spread of disease, greater predation risk, limited genetic diversity and inability to escape a deteriorating localized habitat |
| Advantages of random distribution | reduced competition for resources, low predation risk, increased genetic diversity, and better resource utilization when scattered resources exist |
| Disadvantage of random distribution | potential for unrepresentative samples (missing key subgroups), high costs, time-consuming logistics, difficulty obtaining a complete population list, and inefficiency if prior population knowledge exists |
| Advantage of uniform distribution | simplicity and tractability for modeling uncertainty where all outcomes are equally likely, serving as a neutral baseline, and enabling easier parameter estimation (min/max) for new products |
| Disadvantages of uniform distribution | oversimplification and lack of realism for most natural phenomena |
| What are symbiotic relationships? | a close, long-term interaction between two different species where they depend on each other for survival or benefit in some way |
| What are the types of symbiotic relationships? | mutualism, communalism, parasitism |
| Mutualism relationships | Both species gain advantages. Example: Bees pollinating flowers (bees get nectar, flowers get pollinated) or clownfish living in anemones (clownfish get protection, anemone gets cleaned) |
| Communalism relationships | One organism benefits, while the other isn't significantly affected. Example: Barnacles on a whale (barnacles get a free ride, whale is unaffected) or a spider building a web on a plant (spider gets shelter/prey, plant is neutral). |
| Parasitism relationships | One organism (parasite) benefits by harming the host. Example: Ticks on a dog (ticks feed on blood, dog gets irritated/diseased) or tapeworms in a human intestine. |
| What is climate change? | the long-term shift in Earth's average weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities like burning fossil fuels, which release toxic gases into the air, creating harmful environment |
| Causes of climate change | greenhouse gases, deforestation, and agriculture |
| Effects of climate change | rising temperatures, extreme weather,sea level rise, water scarcity, and impacts on life |
| Summary of climate change | The Earth's climate has always changed, but the current warming trend is happening at an unprecedented rate due to human actions, with significant consequences for the planet and its inhabitants |
| Actions to take in response to climate change | recycle, avoid littering, buy organic produce, avoid using gas in cars, reduce carbon footprint |
| What are milankovitch cycles? | The Earth's climate has always changed, but the current warming trend is happening at an unprecedented rate due to human actions, with significant consequences for the planet and its inhabitants |
| Eccentricity | The Earth's orbit around the Sun changes from nearly circular to more elliptical over about 100,000 years, affecting how close Earth is to the Sun at different times |
| Obliquity | The angle of Earth's axial tilt varies between 22.1° and 24.5° over roughly 41,000 years, changing the severity of seasons—more tilt means harsher seasons (colder winters, warmer summers). |
| Precession | Earth's axis wobbles like a spinning top, completing a cycle about every 23,000 to 26,000 years, which shifts when seasons occur in relation to Earth's orbit |
| How does the milankovitch cycles effect climate change? | These cycles don't change total solar energy much but redistribute it, affecting high-latitude summers and cooler less intense summers due to the ice age triggers |
Created by:
ellacoley2