Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
UGC Final Exam Guide
Flashcards for UGC Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is international studies? | The study of global interactions, the tensions those interactions produce, and the forces and actors that play a role in them |
| What are global interactions? | Myriad ways in which people, things, information, and ideas intersect in our world; raw material of international studies |
| What are global tensions? | Resentments, frustrations, and conflicts that arise from global interactions |
| What is an inside-out and outside-in perspective? | Approach that emphases looking at bottom-up, within-country processes and looking at top-down, international processes that cut across national borders |
| What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)? | Tries individuals for crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes when domestic courts are unable or unwilling to prosecute such crimes |
| What are global forces? | Particularly powerful, cross-cutting drivers of global interactions and tensions. Global forces matter on almost any global issue; they are specific to our present global age |
| What are the four global forces? | Global markets, information and communications technology, shifting centers of power, global governance |
| What are global markets? | “Economic globalization” — arena in which goods and services are traded across borders |
| What is information and communications technology? | Information technology and a variety of audio and visual communications technology, such as smartphones and television networks |
| What are shifting centers of power? | Global affairs affected by the rise of large, developing countries |
| What is global governance? | The formal and informal institutions, systems, or relationships that manage affairs that cut across national boundaries |
| What is global trade? | Buying and selling of goods and services across borders |
| What are distributional effects? | How distinct people or places are differentials affected by an event, such as change in taxation, or import of a product |
| What is financial globalization? | How people and places are linked through the cross border flow of finance, such as foreign direct investment or the trading of stocks and bonds |
| What is the internalization of production? | Proliferation of business activity across the globe |
| What is foreign direct investment (FDI)? | When a company expands abroad by building or buying a factory in a foreign country; ownership and management of a productive asset |
| What is the race to the bottom? | Theory that countries competitively lower their labor and environmental standards in order to attract foreign investment |
| What is a multinational corporation (MNC)? | Corporation that undertakes production in more than one country, Also known as transnational corporation |
| What is intrafirm? | When a company trades with itself |
| What is the democratization of information? | Ease and decentralized nature of how individuals may access and disseminate information using modern technology |
| What is the cost of information? | Price to access and disseminate information; modern information and communications technology reduces the price drastically |
| What is the speed of information? | Rate at which information may be accessed and disseminated |
| Who are technology optimists? | Those who believe that technology will have broad and positive impacts on society, culture, and politics |
| What is bipolar in international studies? | Idea that global power is bifurcated between two primary holders, e.g., between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War |
| What is unipolar in international studies? | Idea that a single power holder is dominant globally |
| What is the “Rise of the Rest”? | Expression indicating that no traditionally dominant powers are rising in power and status globally |
| What does BRIC/BRICS stand for? | Expression to capture four or five large countries that are rising in global power and status (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) |
| What does next 11 or N-11 stand for? | Like BRICS, N-11 references to rising powers globally, in this case Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and Vietnam |
| What is non polarity? | A world in which there is no dominant power |
| What is Pax Britannica? | Meaning “British Peace,” the period of Britain’s global dominance from 815 to 1914, during which Britain’s interest in increasing international trade allowed for economic cooperation between major countries |
| What is the gold standard? | Agreement between countries from 1870 to 1914 that each member’s currency could be exchanged for a specified amount of gold. Last until the early to mid 1930s, but its heyday was 1870-914 because it was associated with significant international trade |
| What is the first global age? | Intensifying global interactions from 1500-1800 |
| What occurred during the first global age? | WWI and WWII, the Cold War (bipolarity), the establishment of the Bretton Woods System (1944-1973): cooperation +fixed exchange rates, the end of the Bretton Woods System —> Rise of Neoliberalism —> Fall of Communism |
| What occurred during the second global age? | China’s emergence, growth of global finance, spread of elected governments, internet age, long shadow of war on terror, rise of new powers |
| What is the possible third global age? | Slowdown or reversal of global integration |
| What is a state? | Organization monopolizing legitimate violence (Weber) that requires monopoly, legitimacy, violence, and territory |
| What is NOT considered a state? | Regimes, governments, countries, and nations |
| What are four things a state does? | Controls (law, coercion), protects (security), monitors (data, surveillance), invests (infrastructure, welfare) |
| What are external powers of a state? | Hard powers (military, coercion), soft power (attraction, legitimacy) |
| What are internal powers of a state? | State capacity |
| What are some types of state decline? | Weak states, failed states, collapsed states |
| What is a superpower? | Globally dominant state? |
| What is the Bretton Woods System (BWS)? | Economic order among mostly Western industrialized nations after WWII, providing for lower barriers to trade and investment while safeguarding the ability of member states to manage their economies even at the expense of international economic activity |
| What is the purpose of the World Bank? | Originally designed to provide cheap loans to European states trying to rebuild after WWII. Today, the purpose is to help developing countries lift their people out of poverty |
| What is the purpose of the World Trade Organization? | Began as the General Agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and became WTO 50 years later. Created to enforce trade deals and resolve trade disputes between its members |
| What is the International Monetary Fund? | Created to ensure global financial stability by acting as a “leader of last resort.” When countries find themselves in crisis with no banks or governments willing to lend them, the IMF is supposed to ensure that country doesn’t collapse |
| What is structuralist theory? | Also known as “dependency” theory; theory that wealthy countries got rich by making others poor. |
| What is legitimacy? | Perception that something is appropriate or natural, even if not preferred |
| What is compulsory membership? | Subject to an organization’s rules irrespective of consent |
| What is sovereignty? | Principle that states have supreme authority within their territory |
| What is a regime? | Rules governing how people get into power and how government works |
| What is a nation? | A group that thinks of itself as a political community |
| What are nation-states? | Where the state governs, and is governed by people of one nation |
| Who are state actors? | Person, group, or organization whose ultimate authority and resources (salary, equipment, etc.) typically come from the fact that they work for, or in, a state |
| What is secessionist? | Groups that would like to form their own country |
| What is irredentism? | Groups that want to leave and join another country |
| What is federalism? | Groups that want to become autonomous within their state |
| What is the rule of law? | Expectation that all citizens are equally subject to laws, regardless of their power or status |
| What is the free rider (or public goods) problem? | Benefitting from someone else’s work, such as using a bridge without paying for its construction |
| What is an absolutist state? | State where there is no rule of law, since the ruler is not subject to any laws |
| What is state capacity | Effective ability of a state to develop and execute laws and policies throughout its territory |
| What is hard power? | State’s ability to force actors to change their behavior |
| What is soft power? | State’s ability to influence actors’ behavior |
| What is classified as a strong state? | High state capacity with rule of law. Common in, but not exclusive to, wealthy countries |
| What is classified as a weak state? | Lower state capacity and some violation of rule of law; common |
| What is classified as a failed state? | Significant territory not under state control, and maybe no government. Very rare |
| What is classified as a collapsed state? | Most territory not under state control. And maybe no government, and very rare |
| What are quasi-states? | States that are legally recognized by other states, but they have little if any control over their people or territory |
| What does it mean to be politically constrained? | When a state is logistically able to do all types of things, but it isn’t “allowed” to do them |
| What is quasi-voluntary compliance? | Unspoken agreement between rulers and ruled in which the ruled agreed to be taxed in return for services provided by the ruler, such as police or schools |
| What does it mean to be stateless? | Fundamental (dis)agreements on citizenship and what/who a state covers |
| What are the three main sources of challenges faced by states? | Actors, ideas, and technology |
| Who are super citizens? | Small number of individuals and companies with extraordinary wealth and influence far exceeding most people and even some countries |
| What is McDonaldization? | Idea that global capitalism driven by Western companies will homogenize global culture, with values of profit especially at the expense of non-Western cultures |
| What is realism? | Theory of international relations that says because states are self-interested and cannot rely on others for their security, cooperation between states is the exception, and mutual distrust and conflict is the norm |
| What is liberalism? | Theory of int.l relations that says states are self-interested but realize that mutually beneficial relations with other states are possible, and that democracy, capitalism, and IGOs can help states cooperate with each other |
| What is constructivism? | Approach to int.l relations that sees states as social actors and norms as shaping the identities and wants of states |
| What is an intergovernmental organization (IGO)? | Organization created and controlled by sovereign states in which the members are states |
| What are epistemic communities? | Informal communities of experts with similar training, values, and ideas |
| What is functionalism? | When interaction generates its own dynamic and leaders to deeper interactions |
| What are supranational authorities? | A supranational actor is above nations. These are IGOs to whom states have delegated authority to make decisions that are binding on member-states |
| What is neorealism? | How the international system of states affects relations between states |
| What is complex interdependence? | In liberal theory, the concept that states do not pursue just one policy. Gov’t officials and nonstate actors within a country engage in int.l activity in the pursuit of diverse (often conflicting) policy goals |
| What is civil society? | Voluntary association of people outside of families, firms (companies), and states (governments). Includes NGOs, social movements, and transnational advocacy networks (TANs) |
| What is global civil society? | Civil society actors working to influence global society |
| What are the two theories of what civil society is and what it does in the world? | Tocqueville and Gramsci |
| What was Tocqueville’s idea of civil society? | In the Tocqueville view, global civil society can make the existing world order of powerful states and multi nations more representative and accountable to the global population (activism) |
| What was Gramsci’s idea of civil society? | Inherently political and where hegemonic forces conflict with counter hegemonic forces (states x social movements) |
| What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)? | Voluntary associations, operating at local, national, or regional levels, organized in pursuit of shared interests, but not seeking profit or public office |
| What are international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs)? | Nongovernmental organization (NGO) that has members in more than one country, typically meaning a physical office with employees |
| What are social movements? | Collective action for social change involving a very loosely organized individuals, networks, and nongovernmental organizations (ex: BLM) |
| What is a transnational advocacy network (TAN)? | Coalition of network people—but not a formal organization—working for change, typically narrowly focused on a specific issue |
| What are interest groups? | Small groups that are narrowly focused |
| What are norm entrepreneurs? | Any actor that tries to create or change a norm. Many civil society actors are, or aim to be, norm entrepreneurs |
| What is culture? | Traditions, customs, and meanings that shape behavior and understanding; transmitted through learning that govern the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them |
| What is social identity? | Understanding one’s self in relation to a group; any social category in which an individual is eligible to be a member |
| What is social category? | A collection of people who share some kind of characteristic |
| What is national identity? | Social identity constituted by membership in a national group |
| What is nationalism? | Attitudes and emotions that individuals experience in reference to their national identity, or the desire for self-determination, the desire for a state of one’s own |
| What is ethnicity? | Named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, and a sense of solidarity among at least some of its members |
| What is gender identity? | Social identity in which belonging is determined by gender difference |
| What is socio-economic class? | Grouping based on economic status |
| What is class identity? | Social identity in which belonging is determined by social class |
| What is capitalism? | Socioeconomic system of production characterized by market-based transaction, private property, and wage labor |
| What is commodification? | Assessing something’s worth in terms of its value in an economic or trading transaction |
| What is Marxism? | Ideas of Karl Marx, that capitalism exploits labor and inequality is rooted in unequal control of means of production |
| What is Fordism? | Form of capitalism characterized by mass production for mass consumption, as introduced by Henry Ford |
| What is defined as post-Fordism? | Late 20th century form of capitalism characterized by product quality rather than by price, with global production, flexible labor markets, and weak worker bargaining strength |
| What are varieties of capitalism? | Theory that different capitalist economies have entire institutional setups designed to work for specific needs of the local variety of capitalism |
| What is free trade? | Reduction or removal of barriers to buying and selling across borders. Common barriers include tariffs or quotas on imported goods |
| What is comparative advantage? | Economic principle that countries should specialize in what they do best, where “best” means most efficiently |
| What is mercantilism? | Belief that trade is only good if it strengthens a state’s power as well as its economy |
| What is structuralism? | Belief that global trade rules have been created by rich countries to protect their wealth. Hence, the global economy is “structurally” unfair to poor countries |
| What is protectionism? | Government policies to favor domestic producers and discriminate against imported goods |
| What is a tariff? | A tax on imported goods |
| What is a quota? | A cap on the amount of imported goods |
| What is reciprocal trade? | When one state agrees to allow imports of a good, its trading partner reciprocates by allowing imports of its partner’s goods |
| What is redistributive effect? | When trade policies affect who gets what in a society |
| What is fair trade? | Voluntary agreement between producers of raw materials and manufacturers of consumer products to return a larger share f a final price back to the original producer, usually in a developing country |
Created by:
elisha.dalmeida65