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2_2_Prelims - Histo
TISSUE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - Cells: Aggregated polyhedral cells - Extracellular Matrix: small amount - Function: Lining of surface or body cavities; glandular secretion | Epithelial |
| - Cells: Several types of fixed and wandering cells - Extracellular Matrix: Abundant amount - Function: Support and protection (tissues/organs) | Connective |
| - Cells: Elongated contractile cells - Extracellular Matrix: Moderate amount - Functions: Strong contraction, body movements | Muscle |
| - Cells: Elongated cells with extremely fine process - Extracellular Matrix: Very small amount - Functions: Transmission of nerve impulses | Nervous |
| Loc: covers the external surfaces of the body, line the internal cavities, form various organs and glands, and line ducts | Epithelial Tissue |
| a thin, noncellular region that separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue | Basement membrane (basal & reticular lamina) |
| 1. _____________ or 2. _______________ prevent the passage of corrosive chemicals or waste products between cells and into the bloodstream. In this manner, the cells form an epithelial barrier | 1. Zonulae Occludentes 2. Tight Junctions |
| Assists cells in resisting separation | Zonula adherens |
| are spotlike structures that are most commonly seen in the epithelium of the skin and in cardiac muscle fibers. They prevent skin cells from separating and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during heart contractions. | Desmosomes |
| are one half of the desmosome and are present at the base of epithelial cells. | Hemidesmosomes |
| channels for communication between adjacent cells | Gap Junctions |
| 1. ________ - single layer of cells. 2. ________ - numerous cell layers. 3. __________ - attach to a basement membrane, but not all cells reach the surface. | 1. simple 2. stratified 3. pseusostratified |
| 4. _______ - flat surface 5. _________ - surface cells are round, or as tall as they are wide. 6. ________ - the cells are taller than they are wide | 4. squamous 5. cuboidal 6. columnar |
| it does not have blood vessels. | Nonvascular |
| Are motile structures found on certain cells in the uterine tubes, uterus, and conducting tubes of the respiratory system. | Cilia |
| Are small, nonmotile projections that cover all absorptive cells in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney | Microvilli |
| Are long, nonmotile, branched microvilli that cover the cells in the epididymis and vas deferens | Stereocilia |
| Functions in filtration, diffusion, transport, secretion, and reduction of friction. | SIMPLE SQUAMOUS |
| simple squamous epithelium that covers the external surfaces of the digestive organs, lungs, and heart. | Mesothelium |
| Simple squamous epithelium that covers the lumina of the heart chambers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. | Endothelium |
| ● Single layer of round cells. ● Lines small excretory ducts in different organs. | SIMPLE CUBOIDAL |
| In the 1. ______________ of the kidney, the apical surfaces of the 2. _________________ are lined with a brush border consisting of microvilli. | 1. proximal convuluted tubulues 2. simple cuboidal epithelium |
| ● Covers the digestive organs ● Simple columnar epithelium covers the surface of the stomach. These cells are secretory and produce mucus. | SIMPLE COLUMNAR |
| The 1. _____ covers the stomach surface and protects its surface lining from the corrosive gastric secretions normally found in the stomach during food processing and digestion. | 1. Mucus |
| In the ____________, simple columnar absorptive cells that cover the villi also exhibit microvilli. | small intestine |
| are fingerlike structures that project into the lumen of the small intestine. | Villi |
| Lines the respiratory passages and lumina of the epididymis and vas deferens. | PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR |
| In 1. ____ , 2. _______ , and 3. ______ , the surface cells exhibit motile cilia | 1. trachea 2. bronchi 3. larger bronchioles |
| In the 1. _____ and 2. _____________ , the surface cells exhibit nonmotile stereocilia, which are branched or modified microvilli. | 1. epidydymis 2. vas deferens |
| ● Contains multiple cell layers. ● The basal cells are cuboidal to columnar. ● These cells give rise to cells that migrate toward the surface and become squamous. | STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS |
| There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia: | - nonkeratinized - keratinized |
| exhibits live surface cells and covers moist cavities such as the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal | Nonkeratinized epithelium |
| lines the external surfaces of the body. The surface layers contain nonliving, keratinized cells that are filled with the protein keratin.. | Keratinized epithelium |
| 1. _________ and 2. _________ have a limited distribution in the body. | 1. stratified cuboidal 2. stratified columnar |
| Both types of epithelia line the larger excretory ducts of the pancreas, salivary glands, and sweat glands. In these ducts, the epithelium exhibits two or more layers of cells. | STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL |
| Lines the minor and major calyxes, pelvis, ureter, and bladder of the urinary system. | TRANSITIONAL |
| ● changes shape and can resemble either stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelia, depending on whether it is stretched or contracted. ● when contracted, the surface cells appear dome-shaped; when stretched, the epithelium appears squamous. | TRANSITIONAL |
| Have epithelial ducts carrying secretions to specific sites; the ducts of 2. ________ are unbranched and those of 3. ________ glands are branched. | 1. exocrine glands 2. simple 3. compound |
| The secretory portions of exocrine glands may be 1. _____ (with saclike structures called acini or alveoli), 2. _____ (elongated tubules), or 3. ___________ | 1. acinar 2. tubular 3. tubuloacinar |
| are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves in water once secreted producing the viscous, slimy material called mucus. | Goblet cells |
| glands that contain cells that produce a viscous secretion that lubricates or protects the inner lining of the organs. | Mucous glands |
| are multicellular exocrine glands producing largely enzymes. | Serous glands |
| Lack ducts; secrete hormones carried throughout the body by the interstitial fluid and blood. | Endocrine glands |
| develops from mesenchyme, an embryonic type of tissue. | Connective tissue |
| - binds, anchors, and supports various cells, tissues, and organs of the body. - classified as either loose connective tissue or dense connective tissue, depending on the amount, type, arrangement, and abundance of cells, fibers, and ground substance. | connective tissues |
| ● is more prevalent in the body than dense connective tissue. ● It is characterized by a loose, irregular arrangement of connective tissue fibers and abundant ground substance. | loose connective tissue |
| 1.________ , 2. _________, 3. ______ , 4. __________ , and 5. ________ predominate in loose connective tissue, with 6. _______ being the most common cell types. | 1. collagen fibers 2. fibroblasts 3. adipose cells 4. mast cells 5. macrophages 6. fibroblasts |
| ● Contains thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers, with fewer cell types and less ground substance. ● Dense connective tissue is present in the dermis of skin, in capsules of different organs, and in areas that need strong support. | dense connective |
| the collagen fibers exhibit a random and irregular orientation. | dense irregular |
| contains densely packed collagen fibers that exhibit a regular and parallel arrangement. | dense regular |
| The two most common cell types in the connective tissue are the active 1. __________ and the inactive or resting fibroblasts, the 2. _________. | 1. fibroblasts 2. fibrocytes |
| synthesize all of the connective tissue fibers and the extracellular ground substance. | Fibroblasts |
| are phagocytic cells. They are difficult to distinguish from fibroblasts, unless they are performing phagocytic activity and contain ingested material in their cytoplasm. | Macrophages or histiocytes |
| which may occur singly or in groups, are seen frequently in the connective tissue; these cells store fat. | adipose (fat) cells |
| usually closely associated with blood vessels, are widely distributed in the connective tissue of the skin and in the digestive and respiratory organs. They are spherical cells filled with fine, regular dark-staining and basophilic granules. | mast cells |
| arise from the lymphocytes that migrate into the connective tissue. These cells are found in great abundance in loose connective tissue and lymphatic tissue of the respiratory and digestive tracts. | Plasma cells |
| or white blood cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, migrate into the connective tissue from the blood vessels. Their main function is to defend the organism against bacterial invasion or foreign matter | Leukocytes |
| Are tough, thick, fibrous proteins that do not branch. They are the most abundant fibers and are found in almost all connective tissue of all organs. | Collagen Fibers |
| hese are found in the dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, and bone. They are very strong and offer great resistance to tensile stresses. | type I |
| these are present in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. The fibers provide resistance to pressure. | type II |
| these are the thin, branching reticular fibers that form the delicate supporting meshwork in such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. | type III |
| these are present in the basal lamina of the basement membrane, to which the basal regions of the cells attach. | type IV |
| Consist mainly of type III collagen, are thin and form a delicate netlike framework in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, hemopoietic organs, and other locations where blood and lymph are filtered. They also support capillaries, nerves, and muscle cells. | RETICULAR FIBERS |
| - thin, small, branching fibers that allow stretch. - have less tensile strength than collagen fibers, - composed of microfibrils and the protein elastin. - When stretched, elastic fibers return to their original size (recoil) | Elastic fibers |
| are found in abundance in the lungs, bladder, and skin. | Elastic fibers |
| are nonnucleated cells and are the most numerous blood cells. They are enucleated (without nucleus) and stain pink with eosin. | Erythrocytes or red blood cells |
| are not blood cells. Instead, they are the smallest, nonnucleated formed elements in the blood. They are remnants of megakaryocytes. | Platelets or thrombocytes |
| 1. bacterial infection 2. viral infections 3. allergy or parasitic infection 4. hematologic disease 5. viral infection | 1. neutrophilia 2. neutropenia 3. eosinophilia 4. basophilia 5. lymphocytosis |
| 6. drug therapy or immunodeficiency 7. infections, collagen-vascular diseases, or in acute and chronic leukemias | 6. lymphocytopenia 7. monocytosis |
| 1. ______ (50-70%) 2. _______ (1-3%) 3. _______ (0-2%) 4. ________ (18-42%) 5. _________ (2-11%) | 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophil 4. lymphocytes 5. monocytes |
| All muscle tissues consist of elongated cells called _______. | fibers |
| The cytoplasm of muscle cells is called 1. ________ and the surrounding cell membrane or plasmalemma is called 2. ________ | 1. sarcoplasm 2. sarcolemma |
| Each muscle fiber sarcoplasm contains numerous myofibrils, which contain two types of contractile protein filaments, 1. _____ and 2. _____. | 1. actin 2. myosin |
| There are three types of muscle tissues in the body: | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
| are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells, with peripheral nuclei. | skeletal muscle fibers |
| Each muscle fiber is composed of subunits called ________. | myofibrils |
| The myofibrils are composed of myofilaments formed by the contractile thin proteins, 1. _______ , and thick proteins, 2. ______. | 1. actin 2. myosin |
| In the sarcoplasm, the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments is very regular, forming the distinct 1. ________ patterns, which are seen under a light microscope as light 2. _________ and dark 3. _______ in each muscle fiber. | 1. cross-striation 2. I bands 3. A bands |
| skeletal muscle is also called? | striated muscle |
| From epimysium, a less dense irregular connective tissue layer, called 1. __________, extends inward and divides the interior of the muscle into smaller bundles called 2. _______. | 1. perimysium 2. fascicles |
| A thin layer of reticular connective tissue fibers, called _______, invests individual muscle fibers | endomysium |
| Each light I band is bisected by a dense transverse ________ (disk or band). Between the two adjacent Z lines is found the smallest contractile unit of the muscle, the sarcomere. | Z line |
| monitor the changes (distension) in the muscle lengths and activate complex reflexes to regulate muscle activity. | neuromuscular spindles |
| ● Loc: heart and large vessels ● Cross-striations of actin and myosin form similar I bands, A bands, and Z lines as in skeletal muscle. ● Sarcoplasmic reticulum less well developed. ● Gap junctions couple all fibers for rhythmic contraction. | cardiac muscle |
| In contrast to skeletal muscles, ____________ exhibit only one or two central nuclei, are shorter, and are branched. | cardiac muscle fibers |
| cardiac muscle is characterized by dense junctional complexes called ____________ that contain gap junctions. | intercalated disks |
| ● Found in hollow organs and blood vessels. ● Contain actin and myosin filaments without cross-striation patterns . ● Fibers are fusiform in shape and contain single nuclei. | Smooth muscle |
| ● Actin and myosin filaments do not show regular arrangement and there are not striations, contract and shorten muscle by sliding mechanism similar to skeletal muscle. | Smooth muscle |
| are predominantly found in the linings of visceral hollow organs and blood vessels. | smooth muscle |
| here the involuntary muscles regulated by autonomic nervous system, hormones, and stretching. | smooth muscle |
Created by:
rhaulline