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PubHlth Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the physical environment include? | The built environment (structures built by humans) and the natural environment. |
| What are features of the physical environment? | Walkability, pedestrian amenities, public transportation, traffic patterns, recreational opportunities, air pollution, and toxic exposures. |
| How does the physical environment affect health? | It can lead directly to poor health (ex. lead in the home) or affect health behavior (ex. better resources for exercise lead to increased physical activity). |
| Example of physical environment effect on health? | Traffic pollution was positively associated with BMI in children aged 5–11 years in communities in southern California. |
| What does the social environment include? | Social structure and social dimensions. |
| What does social structure refer to? | Socioeconomic status of the neighborhood (poverty, affluence). |
| What do social dimensions include? | Social cohesion, social norms, safety/violence, and racial/ethnic makeup. |
| How does the social environment affect health? | It can directly improve mental health and health behaviors. Close-knit neighborhoods with high social capital are more likely to achieve common goals, maintain social control, and improve the physical environment. |
| Example of social environment effects on health? | High larceny crime rates were linked to an increased risk for new-onset asthma in children in Southern California, potentially via stress pathways. |
| What is the service environment? | Neighborhood resources for education, employment, health care, grocery shopping, recreation, and transportation. Often considered a part of the physical enviorment |
| What is a compositional explanation? | The association is due to the collection of individuals who live there (personal characteristics predispose them to certain outcomes). This means people sort into neighborhoods that reflect their individual characteristics and preferences. |
| Example of a compositional explanation? | People who smoke choose to live in areas where it’s easy to find tobacco products. |
| What is a contextual explanation? | The association is due to something unique to the neighborhood itself. Neighborhood characteristics matter over and above individual preference. |
| Example of a contextual explanation? | An area has a lot of cigarette retailers, advertisements, and low-price cigarettes, which makes its residents more likely to smoke than another neighborhood. |
| A compositional explanation for neighborhood effects on health would be what? | c) people sort into neighborhoods that reflect their individual characteristics and preferences. |
| What does the term "neighborhood" include? | Both geographic (place-oriented) and social (people-oriented) components. |
| What boundaries do researchers often use to define neighborhoods? | Counties, zip codes, and census tracts. |
| #1 Neighborhood Measure: What are derived aggregate measures? | Group characteristics (e.g., average age, % in poverty) calculated from individual data. |
| Pros of derived aggregate measures? | Easy to collect. |
| Cons of derived aggregate measures? | Does not reflect the physical features of the neighborhood, like parks or schools. |
| #2 Neighborhood Measure: What are objective neighborhood features? | Features not based on individual residents (e.g., number of restaurants, acreage of green space, crime |
| Cons of objective neighborhood features? | Do not provide insight into resource quality or accessibility. |
| #3 Neighborhood Measure: What are neighborhood observations? | Outside researchers make detailed observations (e.g., social disorder like graffiti, abandoned cars, or public drinking). |
| Pros of neighborhood observations? | Highly specific/detailed. |
| Cons of neighborhood observations? | Costly and impractical for large-scale studies. |
| #4 Neighborhood Measure: What are resident perception measures? | Ask individuals their subjective opinions on neighborhood problems (e.g., crime, noise, litter). |
| Pros of resident perceptions? | Uses a person’s self-defined neighborhood. |
| Cons of resident perceptions? | Purely subjective; inconsistent definition. |
| What are the main sources of social epidemiology data? | U.S. government federal statistical agencies (13 total). |
| What is the decennial census? | Conducted every 10 years to count every individual and determine demographics; used for apportionment. |
| What is the American Community Survey (ACS)? | Surveys over 3.5 million households annually; replaced the long-form census. |
| Why is ACS important for public health? | Provides ongoing data on economics, housing, demographics, and social factors (like disability and language). Data can be disaggregated to census tracts, making it crucial for neighborhood-level variables |
| What is NCHS? National Center for Health Statistics | The CDC’s official national source for health statistics. |
| What does NVSS compile? National Vital Statistics System | Data from all US states on birth certificates (low birth weight, parental characteristics) and death certificates (cause of death). |
| What is NHIS? National Health Interview Survey | The largest and oldest health survey in the US (started 1957). |
| What does NHIS collect? | Self-reported data on illness, chronic conditions, health behaviors, and social factors (education, poverty level). |
| What is NHANES? National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | A repeated cross-sectional annual survey of 5,000 adults and children. |
| What makes NHANES unique? | It is the only national health survey that includes health exams, laboratory tests, and body measurements. |
Created by:
tbb09