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Planet studies for A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Salinity | which meanings the amount of salt dissolved in water. |
| Thermocline: | refers to a rapid change of depths and temperature. (Cline refers to the rapid increase of something like running up a mountain) |
| ) Halocline | refers to the rapidly increase of salinity with depths |
| Pycnocline: | refers to the rapid change of density with depth. |
| Hypolimnion | Refers to the cold, dense , bottom layer of waterer in a stratified lake/ocean which is away from surface winds. Getting very little sunlight leading to low oxygen levels which creates a anoxic(oxygen-poor) environment. |
| stratification | in term of saltwater is basically the layering of sea water into distinct zones based of the amount of temperature, saltiness both really referring to the amount of density. |
| Thermohaline | refers to global ocean current system which is powered by the density difference of temperature (Thermo=Temperature) and salinity (haline) differences giving out heat and nutrients using that moving. |
| Biological nutrients: | Refers to biodegradable substance that microorganisms use to process natural cycles and used to support an ecosystem which enhance soil health and improving nutrients uptake by plants |
| Hydrothermal vents : | Seawater enters cracks in the ocean floor and gets heated by magma which dissolves minerals from the water and crust which then is released using vents into the ocean adding salt. |
| Submarine volcanism : | Underwater volcanic eruptions which directly release minerals and salts into the ocean’s water. |
| Brackish zone: | This is where fresh river water mixes with salty ocean water |
| Estuaries | are basically partially closed bodies of water where fresh water and salty ocean water mixes creating nutrient rich environments. |
| What is the average pH? | sea water is about 8.1 meaning it’s slightly alkaline but it can also range from anywhere between 7.5 to 8.4 depending on location. |
| Chlorophyll | is a green pigment used by phytoplankton for photosynthesis basically the same as plants. It grabs the sunlight to create energy using the chlorophyll. |
| Gyres | refers to large systems of rotating ocean currents. |
| trade winds: | Refers to easterly winds that blow east to west near the equator which is due to earth’s rotation and high pressure areas going into lower pressure areas creating these winds. |
| Upwelling: | Refers to the upward movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep in the ocean to the surface |
| Downwelling | :Refers to downward movement of surface water caused by difference of temperature and or density changes moving oxygen rich water and heated water towards the bottom. |
| Ocean water masses | are large bodies of water with their own temperature, salinity and density properties from their formation history |
| ocean front | is a boundary zone where two different water masses meet each-other making a sharp difference of nutrients distribution and marine life. |
| fetch | which is just the distance that wind blows across a body of water |
| swell | Refers to long and organized open waves with long wavelengths. Generated by storms and or strong winds. |
| wave shoaling | Is the process where wave increase in hight and decrease in wavelength when moving from deep water to shallower water. |
| Diurnal tide is | a tidal pattern where there is only one high tide and one low tide each day. |
| Semidiurnal tide | is a type of tide pattern with two high tides and two low tides of about equal height occurring each day. |
| Tide mixed pattern | is a tidal cycle with two high tides and two low tides per lunar day but the heights of both lows and highs because very unequal |
| Spring tide | are large tide that occurs twice a month when Sun, earth and moon all align combining their gravitational pull to create higher high tides and lower low tides. |
| Neap tides | is when both sun and moon are a a right angle 90 degrees to the earth causing their gravity being cancelled out resulting in very little difference between both high and low tides (Lower high tides and higher low tides) |
| Sloshing | refers the rhythmic, oscillating movement of water within a confined or semi-confined basin |
| Oscillating | is simply the up and down motion of water from wind or seismic activity |
| Basin | is just the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic ocean. |
| Coastal erosion | refers to the natural process where land across a coastline is worn away by the sea. |
| Depositional landform | are natural features created by the accumulation of sediment dropped off by water, wind or even ice some example of these are beach, sand dunes and coastline. |
| Sediment | It refers to solid material, like sand, mud, or organic particle. |
| An atoll | forms from a volcanic island that slowly sinks as corals grow upward around it becoming a coral reef over millions of years going from a fringing reefs to a barrier reef |
| Seafloor spreading | is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates pill apart allowing magma to rise, Cool and then solidify pushing old crust away like a conveyor belt |
| Wilson cycle: | is continents rift part at divergent boundaries which allows new crust to form at the mid ocean ridges which then reach convergent to go back under ground to complete the cycle. |
| Divergent boundaries | are basically plates that move away from each other |
| Convergent boundaries | are plates move toward each other move crust downward when coillding (In this context) |
| Mid ocean ridge | is a vest continuous underwater mountain range formed at divergent tectonic plate boundaries where magma rises onto the surface. This is also known as ridge |
| Seamounts | are large, underwater mountains formed by volcanic activity |
| guyot | is seamount that are flat |
| Continental Slope | is a steep incline connecting the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor. |
| Continental Shelf | are gently sloping, nearly flat extension of the continent which is under shallow water stretching towards the shoreline. |
| Continental Rise | is a Gentle Slope or wedge of accumulated sediment at the base of the continental slope |
| Turbidity current | is a fast flowing underwater current of water and suspended sediment that move down a slope, driven by the force of gravity. |
| An abyssal | plain is a large, vast, flat and muddy area on the deep ocean floor covering over half the earth’s surface between the continental rise and mid ocean ridge |
| Atmosphere and ocean variability | to the natural, fluctuating change in earth’s air and water system driven their constant, scale-dependent interaction. |
| El Niño-southern Oscillation (ENSO | is a major climate pattern in the parodical pacific inkling shifts better warm El Niño and cool La Niña and neutral phases. |
| The pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) | is a long-term climate pattern of sea surface temperature in the North Pacific Ocean which fluctuate between warm and Coll phases that can last up to 20-30 years |
| The southern Annular Mode (SAM) | also named Antarctic Oscillation is a big climate pattern in the south hemisphere that describe shits in the westerly winds and pressure belts circling Antartic |
| Postitve SAM | SAM means winds and pressure move south |
| negative SAM | means pressure and winds move north |
| Westerly wind | are winds that blow from the west towards the east around 30 degrees to 60 degrees in both north and south hemispheres. |
| Pressure belt | big continuous zones around earth at different latitudes having their own high and low pressure forming different heatings from the sun and the earths rotation. |
| sea level rise | is the increase of the ocean’s surface height by melting land ice like glaciers and icesheets. |
| Thermal expression | is the tendency of matter to react to something heat and to grow or the molecules spreading apart. |
| Coastal flooding | is the flooding of normally dry land along the coast by seawater by highs tides, storm surges or hurricanes and storms or even king tides |
| Deoxygenation | is the process of taking away oxygen from a substance, system or environment. |
| Acidification | is the process where a substance often water becomes acid or has a Ph belo 7 due to an increase of Hydrogen ion |
| A water sample | is a container that collects water from tap, well, river or lake to test the water |
| Sediment cores | are long, cylindecrial sample of accumulated mud,sand, and organic matter taken from a lakebeds |
| lakebeds | (bottom of the lake) |
| Seawater velocity trackers | are ocean instruments thet measure ocean current speed and direction by using sound. |
| Sonar and acoustic sensing | both using sound waves in the water for underwater detection, mapping and communication. |
| CTD device | are oceanographic instruments that measure a body of water’s conductivity, temperature, and depth/pressure. |
| The pressure Gradient force (PGF) | is the atmospheric force. That pushes air from high to low pressure driving wind. |
| Geostriphic balance | is a state of equal in a large scale atmospheric or oceanic flows where the pressure gradient force and the corilois force are equal in power and going opposite of each other |
| A Rossby wave | is a large scale wave in the atmosphere or ocean cause by the earth’s rotation. |
| A Kelvin wave | is a large scale, non dispersive wave that travels along a boundary like a coastalline or the equator which is influenced by the earth’s rotation |
| Non dispersive | refers to not involving the separation of waves. |
Created by:
Jaydek