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Abnormal Psychology
Final Exam - Cumulative
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anxiety disorders | GAD, panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder |
| Cortisol | Primary stress hormone |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine | Fight or Flight |
| Obsessions | Intrusive, unwanted thoughts |
| Compulsions | Behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety |
| Relationship | Compulsions neutralize obsession-driven anxiety |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | 2 or more distinct personality states, memory gaps, often linked to severe childhood trauma |
| Comorbidity | When a person has two or more disorders at the same time, such as depression + anxiety, or ADHD + conduct disorder |
| Mania | A period of abnormality elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with symptoms such as: decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, or risky/impulsive behavior |
| Affect | Observable emotional expression (flat, blunted, inappropriate, labile) |
| Word Salad | A severe form of disorganized speech in schizophrenia where words are jumbled together with no logical connection, making sentences incoherent |
| Splitting | A defense mechanism where a person sees others as all goof or all bad, often switching rapidly. Common in borderline personlity disorder |
| The strongest psychological predictor of suicide risk | Hoplessness |
| The biggest risk factor for future attempts | Previous attempts |
| Which mental disorders are the most associated with suicide risk? | Bipolar, depression, schizophrenia, substance use disorders |
| What personality traits increase suicide risk? | Impulsivity and aggression |
| What cognitive factors increase suicide risk? | Black and white thinking + rumination |
| How does social isolation relate to suicide risk? | Increases risk due to lack of support and increased loneliness |
| Why does access to lethal means increase suicide risk? | Makes attempts more likely and lethal |
| What medical factors increase suicide risk? | Chronic illness and chronic pain conditions |
| How does family history relate to suicide risk? | Genetic factors and learned behaviors increase risk |
| What life events increase short term suicide risk? | Recent stressors such as divorce, job loss, trauma, or major negative changes |
| Major depression disorder | Lasts more than 2 weeks of significant impairment |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia | Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech |
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia | Flat affect, alogia, avolition |
| Hallucination types | Auditory (most common), visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory |
| Cluster A | Odd eccentric: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal |
| Paranoid | distrust and suspicion |
| Schizoid | Social detachment, limited emotion |
| Schizotypal | odd beliefs, magical thinking, social anxiety |
| Cluster B | Dramatic Emotional: Antisocial, Borderline, Historionic, Narcissistic |
| Antisocial | Disregard for rights of others |
| Borderline | Instability, impulsivity, splitting |
| Historionic | Attention seeking, dramatic |
| Narcissistic | Grandiosity, need admiration |
| Cluster C | Anxious fearful: Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD |
| Avoidant | Social inhibition, Hypersensitivity to criticism |
| Dependent | Need to be taken care of, clinginess |
| OCPD | Perfectionism, control, rigidity |
| ADHD | Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, symptoms before age 12, occurs in multiple settings |
| Major neurocognitive disorders | Significant decline in memory, language, attention, executive function (Alzheimers, vascular, Lewy body, Frontotemporal, Parkinson's-related) |
| ASD | Social communication deficits, restricted, repetitive behaviors, sensory sensitivities, early development onset |
| ODD | Angry/irritable behavior; defiance; no aggression or property destruction |
| Conduct disorder | Aggression, property destruction, theft, serious rule violations (more severe than ODD) IT often develops from ODD and high comorbidity with ADHD |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | Disregard for rights of others, criminal behavior, deceit, impulsivity, must have history conduct disorder before age 15. High comorbidity with substance use disorders |
| Anorexia Nervosa | Restriction, low body weight, fear of weight gain |
| Bulimia Nervosa | Binging + compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives) |
| Binge eating disorder | Binging without compensation |
| PICA | Eating non-food items |
| ARFID | Avoidance due to sensory issues or fear of consequences (not body image related) |
| Sexual dysfunction | problems with sexual response/pleasure |
| Paraphilic disorder | Atypical interests that cause distress or harm |
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