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Abnormal Psychology
Final Exam - 14-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Substance | Any natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effect: it alters mood, cognition, or behavior (ex. alcohol, opioids, stimulants) |
| Depressants | Slows CNS activity, relaxation, impaired judgment, poor coordination (alcohol, barbituates) |
| Stimulants | Increased energy, alertness, euphoria, elevated heart rate (cocaine, nicotine, caffeine) |
| Opioids | Pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression (heroin, morphine, oxycodone) |
| Hallucinogens | Altered perception, hallucinations, depersonalization (LSD, PCP) |
| Cannabis | Relaxation, heightened sensory perception, impaired memory, some anxiety |
| Inhalants | Dizziness, euphoria, slurred speech, organ damage (spray paint, gasoline) |
| Gambling disorder | Persistent recurrent gambling despite negative consequences |
| Tolerance | Need more of a substance to achieve the same effect |
| Withdrawl | Physical/psychological symptoms after reducing substance use |
| Intoxication | Temporary reversible changes due to the recent substance use |
| Dependence | Body adapts to substance; withdrawl occurs without it |
| Craving | Intense desire/urge to use a substance |
| Biological factors | - Genetics account for 50-60% of risk - Dopamine reward pathway dysregulation - Differences in metabolism - Biological sensitivity to reward cues |
| Gender differences | - Women quickly progress from use to dependence more quickly - Men use substances at higher rates overall - Women have higher risk or medical consequences |
| Motivational interviewing | A collaborative, person centered approach that enhances intrinsic motivation for change, uses empathy, reflective listening, and non-judgement, helps resolve ambivalence about quitting substances |
| Allostatic load | The physical wear and tear on the body from chronic stress. IT accumulates when stress responses activate too frequently |
| Gender differences in coping | Women are more likely to use emotion-focused coping and seek social support. Men are more likely to use problem-focused coping or avoidance |
| Immune system | Stress weakens immune functioning. Chronic stress leads to increased inflammation. Immune dysregulation is linked to illness (heart disease, infections). |
| Coronary heart disease | Blockage of coronary arteries; linked to stress, type A personalities, smoking |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure, worsened by chronic stress, diet, inactivity |
| Insomnia | Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep |
| Hypersomnolence | Excessive daytime sleepiness |
| Narcolepsy | Sudden sleep attacks, cataplexy |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | Breathing stops during sleep |
| Circadian rythym disorder | Misalignment of sleep schedule |
| Parasomnias | Abnormal behaviors during sleep (sleepwalking, night terrors) |
| Reasons for involuntary hospitalization | Danger to self and others, inability to care for oneself, and severe impairment preventing safe functioning |
| Incompetent to stand trial | Cannot understand charges or court proceedings, and assist their defense (If incompetent, usually placed in treatment until competence is restored) |
| Insanity | This is a legal term, not a clinical one. |
| Mental health in the justice system | Many inmates have untreated mental disorders. Jails often act as de facto mental health providers. Specialized courts/mental health courts) offer treatment alternatives |
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