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intro to ir final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1944 Bretton Woods | Conference that established the International Monetary Fund (stabilizes currencies), the World Bank (lends $ to other nations for recovery), & GATT which later became the WTO (agreed upon tariff rates for predictability, idea is to reduce $ year by year) |
| 1992 Rio Earth Summit | At this conference, the presence and work of NGOs influenced state officials to actually pass treaties to make real environmental change |
| Alternative political visions | World federalism(states accept a world gov), functionalism (issue specific int. orgs with real power), regionalism (regional functionalism, EU w/ real power), ecologism (eco cooperation), cyber feudalism (decentralization of state power to private groups) |
| Arab Spring Uprisings | A string of public protests spread by internet in 2011 North Africa and Middle East |
| Brexit | UK left the EU. A sign that nationalism is on the rise in EU member states |
| Characteristics of democracies | The head of government is directly elected or responsible to directly elected body, truly competitive regular multiparty elections, substantial percent of population can vote |
| Club goods | Goods that are excludable and non-rivalrous (ex: wifi signal) |
| Common goods | Goods that are nonexcludable and rivalrous (ex: apples in a tree in the park) |
| Comparative advantage | David Ricardo's idea that goods should be made in the most optimal place and exported to others, then import the goods a state lacks to maximize quality of life |
| Complex interdependence | Interdependence of everything: economy, force, transport, security, welfare, transnational actors, ect. An extreme world. |
| Contemporary world politics | A political system where anyone can raise issues to anyone, regardless of government or state membership |
| Cooperation | Working or acting together. Internationally achieved through int. law and organization. |
| Cosmopolitans | A viewpoint on morality in IR, views the international community as a society of states and individuals, focus on common humanity and politically upholding order and moral values |
| Criticisms of global economy | It costs local jobs, it has a human and environmental expense, income inequality gap is increasing |
| Defense of global economy | Income inequality does not equal poverty if both parties are improving just at different rates, positive correlation between trade and economic growth, places hosting manufacturing have seen historic decreases in poverty rates |
| Deforestation in the amazon | Example of tragedy of the commons. The Amazon is biodiverse and provides medical solutions and climate stabilization for the world. Brazil benefits from clearing it for space and resources. There is a gap between the one who gains and the losers |
| Egypt 2011 + Tunisia 2011 | These states used social media to incite local revolutions, gathering support and maintaining anonymity |
| Elements of interdependence | source (military, social), benefit (0-sum (1 loss 1 gain),+ or - sum), sensitivity (the # & pace of dependence spreading in system, ex: 2008 $ crisis), vulnerability (costs of changing a link in the system), symmetry (BOdependance, can it be manipulated) |
| Ethnic/communal wars | Wars where parties are divided into rival cultural groups |
| EU | This supranational organization began as a way to organize coal and steel tariffs. It evolved to encompass many European states. In 1999, they adopted the common Euro. Sometimes, they arrange common foreign policy. |
| First use of UN security council | This was to defend South Korea from North Korea, only passed because USSR was boycotting the ____ at the time. They learned their lesson that it was important to stay involved in the ___. |
| Force and Trade trend | The trend towards interdependence causing trade to be more desirable than force as a means to take what you want |
| Free rider problem | An issue with voluntary restraint from a common good, where compliance is optional and arguably irrational considering other people leaving frees up space for you to take more of the common good |
| Functionalism | The idea that to achieve long-term patterns of peace, states must develop patterns of cooperation |
| Fungibility | The ease of which resources/skills in one area can be applied to another (trade creates gaps in relative gains (asymmetry), can gaps in ___ be changed into threats?) |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | This agreement, sparked at Bretton Woods, sets agreed upon tariff rates that are lowered year by year. It increased predictability and maintenance of tariffs. Proved that protective tariffs don't succeed in protecting domestic markets from foreign ones. |
| Globalization | Worldwide networks of interdependence, increasing interaction and interconnection globally |
| Harmony | A situation where people share the same preference and everyone can be happy at once |
| Import quota | In x time, x goods from x state can be sold in y state |
| Interdependence | Actors in different parts of the system affect each other, they rely on each other for goods/services. |
| Interdependence theory | The theory that the prevalence of global trade has made cooperation more desirable than conflict |
| Intergovernmental organizations | International organizations whose members are state governments. Ex: UN, EU |
| International Campaign to Ban Land Mines | 1997 Nobel peace prize was given to the civilian that started this initiative. This petition gained signatures at the Ottawa convention of the same name. Global tech empowered the global impact of the founder. |
| International Court of Justice | The __'s court. Located in The Hague, it settles disagreements between states. Both states must agree to go to trial, so trials are rare and for things states believe they will win. Not as effective as normative power is. |
| International law | A set or norms that states follow because it is in their best interest to do so. It increases the stability and predictability of the world, and enforcement is decentralized. Self-help system. |
| International organizations | Ongoing organizations or formal institutions with members from 2 or more states |
| Intervention | External factors that influence the domestic affairs of another sovereign state, ranges from low coercion (high local choice) to high coercion (low local choice) |
| Iraq 1990 Kuwait invasion | UN collective security was used for the second time ever when ___ showed clear and direct signs of aggression -> none of the 5 members vetoed. This proved that UN collective security could be activated in a more modern era |
| Kyoto Protocol 1997 | Set binding emissions reduction targets for industrialized states based on their level of current emissions. Excluded developing states and China. Many people disliked it and backed out of it, saying global warming is a cumulative effect. |
| Liberal democratic global economy | The world's economy in the modern era, based on free and fair trade, like the collective security era but with liberal democratic ideas. Economic openness, joint management, domestic stability, constitutionalism. |
| Liberal democratic peace theory | The theory that democracies are more peaceful than authoritarian states because they have not directly fought each other |
| Melian dialogue | Athens approached neutral isle of Melos during Peloponnesian War. A warns M to submit while they can to their rule. M replies with a commitment to neutrality and defense of their state. A defeats them. Realist A displays how war occurs w/o moral concerns |
| Mexico Chiapas uprising | The Zapatista group of the _____ region staged a military uprising and began to possess local state governments. ____'s gov didn't crack down as hard as they may have since social media caused global attention to be on them. |
| Modern problems | New concerns born of new systems, the rise of nonstate actors, and technology |
| Multi-National Corporations | MNCs. These groups are large businesses that have advances in global shipping and manufacturing that allow them to spread their reach cheaply across the globe. |
| Nation | A sense of collective identity arising from a shared heritage, culture, and/or history. Includes a common historical memory and a sense of self-awareness as a group |
| National identity | The perceived culture and belonging of a person in relation to their state |
| Nationalism | National consciousness exalting one's nation above all others, placing primary emphasis on promotion of one's own culture and interests |
| Nativism | A policy favoring native inhabitants over immigrants |
| Network effects | A product becoming more valuable as many others use it |
| Non-Governmental Organizations | NGOs. These groups are run by civilians (not states) and focus on social, humanitarian, environmental, or developmental goals and can have members from all over the world. They push to influence change in society. |
| Paris agreement 2015 | revised Kyoto Protocol, sets less binding emissions reduction targets for both industrialized states and developing states (at a lower level). emphasizes cooperation and goal updating for improvements over time |
| POVs of intervention | Realists (intervention if to maintain the balance of power), cosmopolitans (intervention if it promotes human rights/morals), state moralists (intervention if a state's territory or sovereignty is threatened) |
| Private goods | Goods that are excludable and induce rivalry (ex: your car, accessed via private key) |
| Public goods | Goods that are nonexcludable and non-rivalrous (ex: clean air to breathe) |
| R2P | Responsibility to protect. Nonintervention is adhered to as long as a state is following this for its people. A new norm rising following genocide conventions and awareness rallying. |
| Race to the bottom | A saying about Ricardo's comparative advantage concept stating that it struggles to minimize all costs at a human and environmental expense |
| Realism on morality | War comes with necessary decisions that may disregard morality, there are no plain defined int. morals, leaders only have a moral obligation to their state, int. morality is not a meaningful concern |
| Resurgent issues | Issues that are coming back in the modern day, like war and nationalism |
| Rising tide lifts all boats | A saying about Ricardo's comparative advantage concept stating that it benefits all involved. |
| Secretariat | A horse. Oh, I mean the branch of the __ that's the executive arm, sets the agendas, the leader is called the secretary general. |
| Self-determination | The right of a people to decide their own political fate (ex: desire to form a state) |
| Skepticism of cooperation | Realist idea that periods of cooperation eventually end and turn back into conflict, security is overall more important than prosperity |
| Skeptics | A viewpoint on morality in IR, the realist concept that morality has no international meaning due to lack of sovereignty. With no global community, there is no global moral duty. State self-interest and order > moral obligation |
| State moralists | A viewpoint on morality in IR, respect for state sovereignty means their local moral values apply to them. Respecting sovereignty = preserving order |
| Suez Canal 1956 | Egypt pres Nassar nationalized the _, UK threatened -> plan w/ Israel and France for Isr to attack Egy, UK & Fr 'intervened', took back the _, UN said ceasefire, UK & Fr veto, UN peace troops separate Isr and Egy forces & clean up shipwrecks |
| Supranationalism | The process of states organizing politically and economically into one organization/alliance and giving up partial sovereignty. Ex: EU |
| System effects | Small errors in one section of a system spread everywhere |
| Tariff | A tax on an imported good to make it less competitive with local goods |
| Trade pacts | Economic agreements between states to decrease use of interdependence asymmetry as a manipulation tactic (ex: NAFTA) |
| Traditional world politics | A political system where must go through their own government to raise issues to other state's governments, which they can then communicate to their societies |
| Tragedy of the commons | Everyone drains the same common goods. A gap between the individual benefits and the shared group cost. |
| Transgovernmental relations | Increasingly complex interactions between government subunits in different states |
| Transnational actors | Nonstate actors acting across international borders |
| Transnational issues/nonterritorial problems | Concerns around topics of pandemics, terrorism, economy, human rights, environment that defy state borders. |
| Transnational relations | Interactions across state borders outside central control of foreign policy organs |
| UN | 1945 San Francisco _ conference -> an intergov org to promote world peace. A bit supranational, but all decisions are made out of cooperation and not binding law. A tool to reduce world anarchy, not world gov. Power = preservation of norms and legitimacy. |
| UN diplomatic and peacekeeping forces (UN emergency force) (UNEF) | They assemble and intersperse independent forces amongst warring powers to deescalate conflict, first trialed in the Suez Canal in 1956 |
| UN Economic and Social Council | The branch of the __ that oversees and coordinates the 'specialized agencies' and 'affiliated organizations' like the WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, ect. Help with global crisis. |
| UN General Assembly | The __'s senate including all member states. Each has one vote. Resolutions aren't legally binding. Establishes important norms. |
| UN Security Council | The __'s modern concert/league. 15 members, 10 are temporary with staggered 2 year terms. 5 are great powers and permanent with veto power. Discusses peace, security, and international law. |
| UN's needs to use military offense | The purpose is (collective) self-defense, collective security, the 5 permanent members of the UN security council agree |
| War in Ukraine origins | A territorial, norm breaking conflict. Russia trying to 'reclaim' Ukraine. Shameful, USSR disbanded in 90s, its states began to join NATO and close in on Russ, they felt a security dilemma as Ukr almost joined too, Russ took Crimea 2014, invades Ukr 2022 |
| War in Ukraine update | NATO was strengthened as even more states joined. Putin's credibility is now tied to the war's outcome. War is much longer and more violent than predicted. |
| Weaponized economy | An economy including coercions using trade, goes against liberal economic internationalism |
| World Trade Organization | GATT but with negotiation mechanisms and copyright rules |
| Yugoslavia ethnic conflicts | This state consisted of a lot of ethnic subnations and eventually broke up. Lasted from 1918-1991 |
Created by:
user-1984666