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Bio 335 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| peer-reviewed journal articles | communicate conclusions of scientific research, including methods and results to help others repeat results |
| Wallace | "father of zoogeography"; worked in Malaysian Archipelago |
| outline maps | identify area containing all known specimens; contiguous shading within polygon connecting extreme points |
| diffusion | slow, gradual expansion of species into suitable habitat |
| distance decay | abiotic similarity of geographically closer localities |
| jump dispersal | long-distance dispersal across unsuitable habitat, establishing new population |
| reality of universe | determined by objective physical laws, not human perception |
| cold air | holds less water vapor than warm air |
| warm air | less dense than cold air |
| tropical convergence zone | greatest rainfall on Earth |
| rain shadow effect | downwind side of mountain is unusually dry |
| diffusion | slow expansion of species from range margins |
| sink populations | exist because of immigration |
| Coriolis effect | "bending" air currents causing prevailing winds at Earth's surface |
| boreal forests | spruce trees, above 50 degrees latitude, migratory birds, moose |
| river water | ~2 ppm dissolved material |
| deserts | <25 cm rain annually, lowest biomass of terrestrial biomes |
| ocean water | 35 ppt |
| equator | 0 degrees latitude, warm and rainy |
| Tropic of Cancer | 23.5 degrees north, rainy in summer, dry in winter |
| grasslands | <100 cm rain annually, most biomass below ground, grazers |
| wetlands | most productive ecosystem, lower latitudes, standing water, little current, ample nutrients, abundance of sunlight |
| mechanistic processes | happen in repeatable patterns, allows us to test hypotheses |
| tropical rainforests | produce 20% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen, house 50% of Earth's species |
| sunlight | absorbed by top 100 m of water, prohibiting photosynthesis below |
| population increases | when birth rate increases |
| temperate deciduous forests | have tree abiotic components (water, nutrients, sunlight); enough rainfall, plants, mild temperatures |
| desert | only has two major abiotic components; water in shorter supply (<25 cm annually) |
| organism leaving birthplace | reduces inbreeding, allows for more diversity, less ideal resources outside of native site (may impact survival) |
| solar radiation and tilt | equator gets direct rays (perpendicular angle), poles get less (lower angle), tilt shifts max radiation (Cancer June 21, Capricorn Dec 21) |
| Earth's tilt shifts | drive temperature, productivity, species distributions |
| air circulation | equator rising air/rain (intense radiation), 30 is subtropical (air descends), 60 is stormy (air converges), 90 is high-pressure (cold air sinks), create prevailing winds (0-30, 60-90 easterlies; 30-60 westerlies) |
| precipitation by latitude | equator heavy rain (moist air rises), 30 is deserts (dry air sinks), 60 is moderate (air converges), 90 is tundra dry (cold air sinks) |
| SE US climate | moist Gulf/Atlantic air, ITCZ migration, no rain shadow leads to lush forests |
| Wallace's Line | not associated with location of the most southerly glaciers in North America |
| parts of Gondwana | South America, Antarctica, Africa, India |
| 1.5 million years ago to 10,000 years ago | Pleistocene Epoch |
| Great American Biotic Interchange | not associated with connection between North America and Eurasia across Beringia at late Pleistocene |
| topographic complexity, area of island, colonization rate, speciation rate on island | increase with species richness based on Whittaker's General Dynamic Model of Islands |
| "middle age" | where species richness reaches max based on Whittaker's General Dynamic Model of Islands |
| Isthmus of Panama | not true that it has no impact on gene flow of marine species in the tropical waters of the Americas |
| greatest number of aquatic species | south of areas covered with glaciers, above "fall line", often referred to as Central and Eastern Highlands, illustrate influence of historical events on species distributions |
| Milankovitch cycles | changes in orbit and tilt of Earth that impact glaciation |
| radioactive dating | allows calculation of age based on the relative proportions of isotopes in rock |
| population will diverge | mainland species establishes isolated population on island that persists |
| phylogenetic species concept | smallest aggregation of populations or lineages diagnosable from all other such aggregations or lineages by a unique combination of characters |
| biological species concept | group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from other such groups |
| evolutionary species concept | entity composed of organisms that maintains its identity from other such entities and that has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical tendencies |
| flightlessness | contributed to bird extinction upon arrival of humans |
| Pangaea | single supercontinent during Triassic and Jurassic |
| continental drift | proposed by Wegener during 20th century to suggest continents fit like a puzzle |
| Laurasia | single supercontinent containing North America and Eurasia |
| parapatric speciation | intergrade zones or incomplete sorting |
| upslope retreat | "cold" climate species moving to high elevations |
| parapatric speciation | intergrade zones or incomplete sorting |
| upslope retreat | "cold" climate species moving to high elevations |
| vicariance | explains how populations are physically divided, prevents gene flow, causes allopatry, sister species with inappropriate habitat, supported by phylogenetic evidence |
| island biogeography | near and large have higher colonization/lower extinction/higher richness, far and small have lower colonization/higher extinction/lower richness |
| island organisms | small mainland evolves larger island species, larger mainland evolves smaller island species; impacted by resources, predation |
| sympatric speciation | common ancestor without physical barriers, sister species with overlapping ranges, clear separation, lack of inbreeding |
| peripheral isolation | periphery of range, isolated, limited genetic diversity, Founder effect |
| A and B as distinct species | Figure I, share common ancestor, follow monophyly by including all descendants |
| daughter species | more closely related to other members of their own species, vicariance inhibited gene flow, genetic drift occurs |
| species diagnosed by scientist | human-made hypotheses, broad taxonomic categories, real entities in nature, separately evolving lineages/independent fates |
| species definition | separately evolving lineage/independent fate, ESC maintains identities, applies to sexual/asexual, allows liineages/allopatry, no knowledge of species' fate |
| allopatric speciation | physical isolation, reproductive isolation, genetic drift, mutation, prevents gene flow, drift occurs with weak selective pressures, becomes more closely related to members of own group |
| systematics | discovering/describing new species, forming hypotheses |
| phylogeny | true evolutionary relationships of group |
| phylogenetics | represents evolutionary relationships, uses derived characters |
| evolutionary systematics | doesn't work with repeating algorithm, falsifiable hypothesis, |
| monophyletic group | ancestor and all descendants |
| characters | character states ranging from morphological features to DNA |
| plesiomorphic | ancestral condition of character |
| apomorphic | derived condition of character |
| symplesiomorphy | shared derived condition |
| outgroup comparison | identifies ancestral vs. derived conditions |
| monograph | lengthy revision of taxonomy |
| museum | houses specimens |
| holotype | single specimen to which binomen is attached |
| homoplasy | similar characters with independent evolutionary origins |
| similarity of position | character on same part of body and arranged the same |
| phylogenetic studies and synapomorphies | reveal shared derived traits linking to common ancestor, confirms monophyly, shows divergence with barriers, reconstructs histories |
| equally parsimonious trees | present as strict consensus trees, collapse conflicts into polytomies (indicate uncertainty), highlights unresolved relationships, shows divergence |
| tan lips vs. red lips | tan lips are ancestral, red lips are derived/evolved in common ancestor, isolation led to divergence |
| Duck River specimens | form a monophyletic group |
| Duck River clade | most confidence, bootstrap of 100, decay of 7, high PP |
| Elk River specimens | don't form a monophyletic group |
| Cumberland River specimens | form a monophyletic group |
| Testudines, Lepidosauria, Crocodilia | don't form a monophyletic group |
| Aves | sister to Crocodilia |
| taxonomic scheme | Class Amphibia, Class Mammalia, Class Testudines, Class Lepidosauria, Class Crocodilia, Class Aves |
| E. maydeni | sister to E. cinereum |
| E. cinereum specimens | form a monophyletic group |
| vicariance speciation | different/inappropriate habitat provides physical isolation and adjacent ranges |
| bottom four E. cinereum species | most confidence, bootstrap of 84, decay of 2, high PP |
| single derived trait | can't justify genus separation, renders genus non-monophyletic, full phylogenetic analysis needed to determine evolution via common ancestors |
| full phylogenetic analysis | can justify genus separation, forms monophyletic group, shares common ancestor, shows divergence |
Created by:
hlr2326