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part 1 geography
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 Themes | key themes of geography (location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region) |
| latitude | imaginary lines running east to west around the globe, measuring distance north or south of the equator |
| longitude | imaginary lines running north to south around the globe, measuring distance east or west of the prime meridian |
| find on map | refers to the skill of locating latitude and longitude on a map |
| Greenwich England | location of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude) [1] |
| Poles | the northernmost (North Pole) and southernmost (South Pole) points of the Earth's axis |
| Absolute location St. Louis | specific, exact location of St. Louis, Missouri, often expressed using latitude and longitude (38.6270° N, 90.1994° W) |
| Relief | the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area [1] |
| GPS | Global Positioning System, a satellite-based system used to determine precise location [1] |
| GOES | Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, a type of satellite used for weather forecasting and tracking [1] |
| GIS | Geographic Information Systems, computer systems used to capture, store, analyze, and display geographic data [1] |
| Landsat | a series of Earth-observing satellites used for land use and resource management [1] |
| Pangaea | a hypothetical supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras [1] |
| Earth (location from sun) | the third planet from the Sun |
| asteroids | small, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun, mainly found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter [1] |
| tides | the regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun [1] |
| Ogallala Aquifer | a vast, shallow water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States [1] |
| Continental shelf | the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow [1] |
| folding | the bending of layers of rock due to compressional forces |
| Earthquakes | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust [1] |
| focus | the point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts [1] |
| Richter scale (moment mag) | a scale that measures the magnitude (strength) of earthquakes [1] |
| Volcano types (3) | three main types are shield, stratovolcano (composite), and cinder cone [1] |
| Ring of Fire | a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur [1] |
| sediment | solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location, forming layers of rock [1] |
| Weathering | the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals through contact with the Earth's atmosphere [1] |
| Erosion | the process of wearing away topsoil, rock, or other geological material by natural agents (like water, wind, ice) [1] |
| loess | a loosely compacted yellowish-gray sediment of windblown silt [1] |
| delta | a landform created at the mouth of a river where sediment is deposited as the river flows into a slower-moving body of water [1] |
| Glaciation/glacier | the process of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets; a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and liquid water [1] |
| Moraine | accumulation of glacial debris (soil and rock) carried and deposited by a glacier [1] |
| Fjord | a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley [1] |
| rotation | the action of rotating on an axis; Earth's rotation takes approximately 24 hours (a day) [1] |
| revolution | the action of moving in a circle around a central object; Earth's revolution around the Sun takes approximately 365.25 days (a year) [1] |
| Climate (causes of) | determined by factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to water, ocean currents, and prevailing winds |
| three main types are convectional, orographic (relief), and frontal (cyclonic) [1] | |
| High/low/mid latitudes | major latitude zones (polar, tropical, temperate) [1] |
| Elevation of St. Louis | approximate elevation is around 466 feet (142 m) above sea level |
| greenhouse effect | the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface [1] |
| Arid (desert) | a climate zone with extremely low rainfall, characterized by sparse vegetation [1] |
| Semi arid (steppe) | a climate zone that receives more precipitation than an arid region but is still dry, often grassland [1] |
| Arctic | a climate zone north of the Arctic Circle, characterized by long, cold winters and permafrost [1] |
| Subarctic | a climate zone south of the Arctic zone with very cold, long winters and short, cool summers [1] |
| Mediterranean | a climate zone characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters (e.g., California, Mediterranean basin) [1] |
| Marine West Coast | a climate zone typically found on west coasts in the middle latitudes, characterized by mild temperatures and consistent precipitation year-round [1] |
| Tropical Rainforest | a climate zone near the equator with high temperatures and heavy rainfall year-round [1] |
| Tropical Savannah | a climate zone with high temperatures but distinct wet and dry seasons, characterized by grasslands [1] |
| Humid continental | a climate zone with large seasonal temperature differences, hot summers, and cold (often severe) winters (e.g., Midwest US) [1] |
| climate zone St. Louis | Humid Continental (Köppen |
| Humid subtropical | a climate zone with hot, humid summers and mild winters (e.g., Southeast US) [1] |
| soil determines….determines… | soil quality determines the type of vegetation that can grow, which determines what type of agriculture can be practiced |
| culture | the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group |
| ethnic group | a group of people who share a common cultural background or descent |
| diffusion | the spread of cultural elements from one society or part of a society to another |
| Christianity | a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ |
| Judaism | an ancient monotheistic religion, primary faith of the Jewish people Islam |
| Hinduism | an ancient polytheistic religion of the Indian subcontinent, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and the concept of karma |
| Buddhism | a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha |
| rate of natural increase | the difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a population |
| world population to nearest billion | current world population is approximately 8 billion people |
| Read population pyramid | refers to the skill of interpreting a graphic illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population |
| push and pull factors | circumstances that either push people to leave a location or pull people toward a new location |
| carrying capacity | the maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely |
| population density | the number of people per unit of area (e.g., per square mile) |
| State/nation/nation-state | State (political entity/country), Nation (group of people with common culture/identity), Nation-state (political entity where the boundaries align with a single national group) |
| Democracy/Monarchy/Dictatorship | Democracy (rule by the people/voting), Monarchy (rule by a single person/family, often hereditary), Dictatorship (rule by a single person/small group with total power) |
| landlocked | a country entirely surrounded by land with no access to the open sea |
| Boundary types (US/Can/Mex) | refers to physical boundaries (rivers like the Rio Grande) and geometric boundaries (straight lines like the 49th parallel) |
| Urban land use | refers to how land is developed and used within a city |
| Commercial | area zoned for business and trade (shops, offices) |
| Industrial | area zoned for factories and production (manufacturing, warehouses) |
| Residential | area zoned for housing (homes, apartments) |
| Top 3 US cities | Based on population, typically New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago |
| Economy systems (types) | traditional, market, command, and mixed economies |
| US? | The US has a mixed market economy |
| Subsistence agriculture | self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families |
| Economy activity levels | primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (information) |
| GNI (per capita) | Gross National Income per person, a measure of economic development, US Region Terms (Northeast, South, Midwest, West) |
| The Northeast | A US region known for harbors, industry, and dense population Appalachian Mts. |
| Harbors | safe places for ships to dock, crucial for early trade and growth of cities |
| Growth of industry | historical development of manufacturing centers in the Northeast (e.g., textile mills) |
| Megalopolis | a very large, heavily populated urban complex (e.g., Boston to D.C. corridor) |
| Major cities | Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Baltimore, D.C. |
| Problems in the northeast | urban sprawl, aging infrastructure, high cost of living |
| Biotechnology | industry focused on using living systems and organisms to develop products |
| Commercial fishing | a major industry historically important to the New England economy |
| Mt. Washington | highest peak in the Northeastern US |
| Acadia National Park | National Park located in Maine |
| Cape Cod | a peninsula in Massachusetts, a popular tourist destination |
| The South | US region known for agriculture, tourism, and a warm climate (Sunbelt) |
| Agriculture (what crops) | historically cotton and tobacco; today includes rice, citrus, peanuts |
| Major cities | Atlanta, Houston, Miami, Dallas, New Orleans |
| Dallas (JFK) | location where President John F. Kennedy was assassinated |
| Tourism | major industry, especially in Florida and coastal areas |
| Mangroves | types of trees or shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics |
| Appalachia | a cultural region in the eastern US centered on the Appalachian Mountains, often associated with poverty |
| Impoverished | refers to economic struggles and poverty common in parts of Appalachia |
| Bayous (LA cypress swamp) | slow-moving streams or marshy lakes typical of Louisiana and the lower Mississippi area |
| Florida is what type of landform | a peninsula |
| Everglades National Park | a protected ecosystem of wetlands in Florida |
| invasive species | non-native organisms introduced to an area (e.g., Burmese pythons in the Everglades) |
| Spanish moss | an epiphytic flowering plant that often grows upon larger trees in the warm South |
| Fall line | the area where uplands meet coastal plains, often marked by rapids/waterfalls (historic site of mills/cities) |
| Piedmont | a plateau region located in the Eastern US between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the main Appalachian Mountains |
| Atlantic Coastal Plain | a flat, low-lying plain adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean |
| Mt. Mitchell | highest peak in the Appalachian Mountains (North Carolina) |
| Deep Water Horizon | 2010 oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico |
| oil refinery | industrial process plant where crude oil is refined into usable products |
| Galveston Island | a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast |
| Port of Houston | a major US port crucial for trade and oil |
| Memphis (MLK) | location of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Sunbelt | the region of the US roughly comprising the states of the South and Southwest, experiencing significant population growth since the 1970s |
| New business growth in the South | economic shift from agriculture to manufacturing and service industries |
| diversity in population and growth | rapid demographic shifts in the South in recent decades |
| San Antonio (The Alamo) | historic Spanish mission and fortress compound in Texas The Midwest |
| Agriculture (what crops) | corn, soybeans, wheat (known as the "Breadbasket") |
| Breadbasket | nickname for the Midwest due to its vast grain production |
| Yield | amount of crops produced per unit of land |
| Grain elevator | a facility for storing and handling grain |
| Chicago | a major Midwest city, transportation hub, and financial center |
| Grain exchange | market where contracts for grain are bought and sold |
| Ozark Plateau | a physiographic region in the Midwest US (MO, AR, OK, KS) |
| New Madrid Fault | a major seismic zone and fault system in the South-Central US, responsible for historic major earthquakes |
| Boot heel | the southeastern corner of Missouri, geographically distinct |
| MO bodies of water | Missouri River, Mississippi River, Lake of the Ozarks |
| Karst topography | landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, characterized by sinkholes and caves |
| Iron ore (trade) | major mineral resource found in the Midwest (especially Mesabi Range in MN), traded via Great Lakes Coal |
| Cleveland/Detroit economy | historically industrial hubs (steel, automotive), facing economic shifts |
| Navigable | deep or wide enough to allow ships to pass through |
| Great Lakes (know them) | HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) |
| continental glaciers | vast sheets of ice that once covered most of the Midwest, shaping the landscape |
| Lake Trout | a cold-water fish species native to the Great Lakes |
| Sea Lamprey | an invasive parasitic fish species that devastated Great Lakes fish populations |
| Upper Peninsula | the northern part of Michigan (the "U.P.") |
| Isle Royale National Park | National Park in Lake Superior, part of Michigan |
| Conglomerate | a corporation made up of several different, unrelated businesses |
| Freighters/Ore carriers | large ships designed to transport bulk cargo, especially iron ore on the Great Lakes |
| what mountain ranges? | major ranges include the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades |
| Interior West | the region between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada/Cascades |
| economic activities | mining, livestock grazing, agriculture, tourism, technology |
| mining livestock grazing | traditional economic activities in the rural Interior West |
| agriculture | significant production, especially with irrigation (e.g., California's Central Valley, fruit, vegetables) |
| major cities | Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Seattle, Las Vegas |
| Bristle cone pine | a species of pine tree known for being among the world's oldest living non-clonal organisms |
| Denver (nickname) | "Mile High City" |
| Inland west rainfall | characterized by aridity due to rain shadow effect |
| Great Salt Lake | a large, terminal salt lake in Utah |
| basin | a depression or dip in the Earth's surface |
| Mormons | members of the Latter Day Saint movement, historically settled Utah |
| Navajo Reservation | large Native American reservation spanning Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico timberline |
| Great Basin climate (why?) | arid/semi-arid due to the rain shadow effect created by the Sierra Nevada range blocking Pacific moisture |
| wash | a dry creek, stream bed or gulch that temporarily fills and flows after sufficient rain |
| petroglyph | a rock carving, especially a prehistoric one |
| Kachina | a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the Pueblo peoples (e.g., Hopi) |
| butte | an isolated hill with steep sides and a flat top (smaller than a mesa) |
| mesa | an isolated flat-topped hill or mountain with steep sides (larger than a butte) |
| kiva | a chamber, built wholly or partly underground, used by Pueblo Native Americans for religious rites |
| coastal region of the West (CA, OR, WA) | |
| economic activities | technology (Silicon Valley), aerospace, entertainment, trade (ports), agriculture |
| Mineral resources | gold (historically 49ers), oil, natural gas |
| 49ers | participants in the 1849 California Gold Rush |
| Silicon Valley | southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area, hub for global high-tech innovation |
| Industries | tech, aerospace, entertainment, trade |
| Smog | air pollution associated with cities like Los Angeles |
| California demographics | highly diverse and populous state |
| San Andreas Fault | a major transform fault line running through California, site of frequent earthquakes |
| National Parks (matching section) | ability to match specific parks (e.g., Yosemite, Sequoia, Zion, etc.) to their locations/features |
| Seattle | major city in the Pacific Northwest (Washington state) |
| Aqueduct | an artificial channel for conveying water, often in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap |
| scarcity of what vital resource? | water scarcity is a major issue in the American West |
| Hawaii- climate/rainfall | tropical climate, significant orographic precipitation on windward sides |
| agriculture | sugarcane, pineapples, coffee, macadamia nuts, tourism |
| archipelago | a group of islands |
| orographic precipitation | precipitation generated by a flow of moist air over a topographic obstacle (e.g., a mountain range) |
| pumice | a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when molten rock is rapidly depressurized and cooled |
Created by:
samuel k