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Abnormal Psychology
Ch 14-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a substance? | A substance is any drug or chemical that affects the body or mind when taken in. This includes alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs. |
| What are the categories of substances? | Depressants, stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, cannabis |
| Depressant substance symptoms | Relaxation, lowered anxiety, slowed thinking, impaired coordination |
| Stimulant substance symptoms | Increased energy, alertness, elevated mood, decreased appetite |
| Opioid symptoms | Pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness |
| Hallucinogen symptoms | Hallucinations, distorted senses, mood swings |
| Cannabis symptoms | Relaxation, altered perception, increased appetite |
| Tolerance | Needing more of a substance to get the same effect |
| Intoxication | Immediate effects after taking a substance |
| Withdrawal | Physical or psychological symptoms when stopping use |
| Substance Use Disorder | Pattern of problem use- cravings, inability to cut back, risky use, impairment |
| Biological factors of substance use disorders | Genetics (family history increases risk), brain reward system (substances increase dopamine), neuroadaptation (brain changes to expect the drug) |
| Gender differences of substance use disorder | Men are more likely to use substances and develop SUD, women progress to addiction faster, have more physical effects, and are more likely to use for stress and trauma |
| Motivational Interviewing | A counseling style that is collaborative, nonjudgmental, and helps people explore ambivalence about change. Uses techniques like reflective listening and affirmations. The goal is to strengthen the person's motivation to change |
| Allostatic load | The "wear and tear" on the body from chronic stress. High allostatic load leads to higher risk of disease |
| Gender differences in coping | Women are more emotion-focused coping, and men are more problem-focused coping |
| Immune system | The body's defense against illness. Stress weakens the immune system resulting in more sickness, slower wound healing |
| Coronary heart disease | Blockage in arteries to the heart. Stress, smoking, and high blood pressure are risk factors |
| Hypertension | Chronic high force of blood against artery wals, often related to stress |
| Insomnia | Difficulty falling or staying asleep |
| Hypersomnolence | Excessive sleepiness |
| Narcolepsy | Sudden sleep attacks, REM-intrusion |
| Breathing-related disorders | Sleep apnea (stopped breathing during sleep) |
| Circadian rhythm disorders | Sleep times are out of sync with the environment |
| Parasomnias | Abnormal events during sleep (night terrors, sleepwalking) |
| Civil commitment/involuntary commitment | Someone may be hospitalized against their will if they are: a danger to themselves, a danger to others, are unable to care for basic needs, and have a severe mental disorder and need treatment |
| Incompetent to stand for trial | The person cannot understand the charges, understand the legal process, and assist their lawyer |
| Insanity | A legal term, not a clinical diagnosis |
| Mental health care in the justice system | Court-mandated therapy or treatment, mental health courts, jail/prison mental health service, diversion programs |
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