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science Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the invention that helped scientists develop the Cell Theory. | microscope |
| Explain why Hooke called the structures he saw in the cork cellulae (“small rooms”) | They looked like the boxy rooms that monks live in, known as, “cells,” (cellulae). |
| Name the type of microscope that uses a series of magnifying lenses. | light microscope |
| 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells | 1 |
| 2. The cell is most basic unit of structure in organisms that still contains all the characteristics of life. | 2 |
| 3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material onto their daughter cells. | 3 |
| Organisms that break down molecules to generate energy | prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane-bound organelles | prokaryotes |
| Organisms whose cells do not have nuclei | prokaryotes |
| Organisms that are either unicellular or multicellular | eukaryotes |
| Organisms that are generally unicellular | prokaryotes |
| Organisms that have cells containing membrane-bound organelles | eukaryotes |
| Organisms that have plasma membranes | eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| . Microtubules are long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell. | true |
| The nucleus contains most of the cell’s DNA. | true |
| The nucleolus is the structure that produces ribosomes. | true |
| The endoplasmic reticulum is a stack of membranes that packages proteins into sacs called vesicles. | true |
| The cytoplasm is the semifluid internal environment of the cell. | true |
| The process of maintaining balance inside a cell | homeostasis |
| A boundary between a cell and its environment | plasma membrane |
| The feature of the plasma membrane that keeps some substances out | selective permeability |
| Separates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells from the watery environment in which they exist | plasma membrane |
| The quality of a plasma membrane that allows oxygen and glucose to move in | selective membrane |
| Maintained by the plasma membrane | homeostasis |
| moves small molecules across the plasma membrane using transport proteins | facilitated diffusion |
| involves water moving across the plasma membrane to the side with the greater solute concentration | osmosis |
| occurs when substances move against the concentration gradient; requires energy and the aid of carrier proteins | active transport |
| occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance inside the cell and moves it outside the cell | exocytosis |
| the condition that results when diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas | dynamic equilibrium |
| occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance outside the cell and moves it inside the cell | endocytosis |
| make up most of the molecules in the plasma membrane | phospholipid |
| a molecule that has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate-containing compound | lipid |
| move substances through the plasma membrane | transport proteins |
| two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail | phospholipid bilayer |
| the phospholipid “sea” in which embedded substances float | fluid mosaic model |
| The solute concentration outside is EQUAL to the inside of the cell | isotonic |
| The solute concentration outside is MORE than the inside of the cell | hypertonic |
| The solute concentration outside is LESS than the inside of the cell | hypotonic |
| There is 50% solute outside the cell and 50% solute inside. | isotonic |
| It will cause the cell to shrivel. | hypertonic |
| It will cause the cell to swell. | hypotonic |
| A solution that will neither shrink nor swell a cell | isotonic |
| An environment that will suck water out of the cell. | hypertonic |
| In the diagram (right), a transport protein allows large molecules to cross the cell membrane without ATP energy. This is known as | facilitated diffusion |
| The substance that dissolves to make a solution is called the | solvent |
| During diffusion, molecules tend to move | going down concentration gradient |
| When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached | equilibrium |
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called | osmosis |
| Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis are all kinds of _______________ transport. | bulk |
| ________________ transport requires energy from ATP to move substances across membranes. | active |
| A cell must expend metabolic energy to transport substances using ______________. | endocytosis |
| Human white blood cells engulf invading bacteria using __________________. | phagocytosis |
| All of the following are kinds of passive transport EXCEPT ___________________. | phagocytosis |
| Endocytosis that brings in small dissolved molecules (solutes) and fluids is called_____. | pinocytosis |
| Channel Protein | Molecules in the cell membrane that regulate transport by allowing certain large and charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane |
| Phospholipid bilayer | A double-layer of amphipathic molecules, arranged tail-to-tail, encapsulating the cytoplasm of the cell. |
| Phosphate head | The polar, water-loving region of a phospholipid. |
| Fatty acid tail | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Carbohydrate chain (glycolipid) | Molecules embedded in the cell membrane that are used for cell-to-cell communication. |
| cholesterol | A molecule that helps a membrane maintain its shape by keeping phospholipids from drifting too far away, and from sticking too close together. |
| Fluid mosaic model | This way of describing the cell membrane reminds us that it's made of many different parts, which are always moving around. |
| diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Selectively permeable | A phrase that describes the ability of the cell membrane to only let certain types of particles across. |
| Hydrophobic region | The inner layer of the phospholipid bilayer |
| uncharged molecules, nonpolar, small | Describes the types of molecules that can easily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer without the help of a protein. |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| dynamic equilibrium | Describes the even distribution of molecules within a confined area. |
| Receptor proteins (glycoproteins) | Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that are like cell-identifiers, and include what are known as “antibodies.” |
| active transport | Process used by the cell membrane that requires ATP energy to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration). |
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Jsusnsnsn