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Vision Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Occupational Therapist (OT) | Purpose is not to diagnose, but to detect visual deficits, identify strengths, and guide treatment. Offers generalist OT care while awaiting referrals and co-manages binocular vision issues, eye movement disorders, visual field loss, and TBI cases. |
| Optometrist (OD) | Specializes in diseases and disorders of the visual system, diagnosis of related systemic conditions, vision therapy, lenses, and low vision devices. Diagnoses and manages refractive error, accommodative, binocular, and eye movement disorders |
| Ophthalmologist (MD) | Medical Doctor specializing in diseases of the eye and eye surgery |
| Certified Low Vision Therapist (CLVT) | Uses functional vision evaluations (acuity, visual fields, contrast, perception, VMI) and instructs clients in the use of prescribed low vision devices. |
| Orientation and Mobility Specialist (COMS) | Teaches individuals to travel safely in their environment using non-visual and visual techniques |
| Sclera | External, opaque coat of the eye. Susceptible to infection. Provides attachment points for extraocular muscles and protects inner structures. Thins in children, yellows with age. |
| Cornea | Transparent, dome-shaped window; no blood supply; 5 layers, 1/2 mm thick. Provides approximately 2/3 of the eye's focusing power. Curvature determines myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. |
| Iris & Pupil | Iris is the colored, contractile diaphragm. Pupil is the central opening. Iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye; controlled by dilator and sphincter muscles. |
| Lens | Flexible structure posterior to the iris; held by zonal fibers. No blood supply. Changes shape to accommodate or focus on objects at various distances. Loss of transparency leads to cataracts. |
| Ciliary Body | Located just behind the iris. Produces aqueous humor and controls accommodation by changing the shape of the lens. |
| Aqueous Humor | Thin, watery fluid in the anterior chamber. Nourishes the cornea and lens. Drained through the canal of Schlemm. Excess leads to glaucoma. |
| Vitreous Humor | Thick, transparent, jelly-like substance; 99% water; 2/3 of eye's volume. Transmits light, holds the retina in place, provides support for the lens. NOT replaced. |
| Retina | Light-sensitive layer containing photoreceptors. Contains Rods (peripheral/night vision) and Cones (central/color vision). |
| Macula & Fovea | Macula is in the center of the retina. Fovea is the very center of the macula. Responsible for detailed central vision and color vision. Fovea contains ONLY cones. |
| Visual Pathways | Information first arrives in the Primary Visual Cortex (BA 17). The superior (dorsal/magnocellular) pathway is the “where” route to the parietal lobe. The inferior (ventral/parvocellular) pathway is the “what” route to the inferior temporal cortex. |
| Three Component Model (Visual Integrity) | Visual acuity, Refraction, Eye health, and Visual fields |
| Mary Warren's Visual Hierarchy (Bottom Level) | Oculomotor control, Visual fields, and Visual acuity |
| OT Role in Delirium | Promote early mobilization and active participation in ADLs/IADLs. Reduce environmental distractions. Use a delirium cart for distraction and comfort. |
| Dementia Characteristics | Onset: Slow or stepwise. Duration: Years. Level of Consciousness: Normal. Thinking: Disoriented to time and place (not to person until later stages). |
| Delirium Characteristics | Onset: Sudden and acute with precise time of onset. Duration: Typically short (usually <1 month). Level of Consciousness: Abnormal and fluctuates. Thinking: Often confused and disorganized. |
| Delirium Causes | Metabolic issues, medications, trauma, pain, infection, or cardio/pulmonary dysfunction (hypoxia). |
| Delirium Level of Consciousness | Abnormal and fluctuates, ranging from hyperactivity (RASS +4) to severely lethargic (obtunded, RASS -5). |
| Delirium Definition | A sudden and acute change in mental status. Frequently presents with difficulty maintaining a stream of thought and poor reasoning skills. |
| Dementia Definition | An umbrella term for progressive, degenerative symptoms including memory loss and mental decline. It is more noticeable and follows a pattern than age-related decline. |
| Dementia Pathology | Characterized by cortical atrophy (frontal, parietal, temporal, and hippocampal regions) and the formation of Beta-amyloid plaques and Tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. |
| Dementia Progression | Has a gradual onset and continuing decline. In severe stages (Stage 7), all verbal abilities are lost, and the patient is dependent on assistance for ADLs and IADLs. |
| Dementia Communication | Communication: Don’t correct—connect and redirect. Distress: Validate feelings and invite them to share. Behavior: Use a soothing, low voice; don’t argue. Give simple one-step suggestions. Introduce yourself each time. |
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