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Sens/Pers Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is sensation different than perception? | Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy from the environment—it's the raw data. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting this sensory information, enabling us to reco |
| How is Bottom-up Processing different than Top-down Processing? | Bottom-up Processing starts with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. It's like building an image from individual lines and colors. Top-down Processing constructs perceptions by drawing on our experience, e |
| Give an example of a time when you use Selective Attention. | You use Selective Attention when you are trying to study for a test and focus intently on the textbook while tuning out the music playing in the background. |
| Give an example of a time when you use the Cocktail Party Phenomenon. | You are talking to a friend in a crowded cafeteria, filtering out the noise, but you suddenly hear your name spoken by someone at a table far away. |
| Give an example of a time when you are Inattentionally Blind. | You are deeply focused on counting the number of people wearing blue shirts in a video and fail to notice a person riding a unicycle through the scene. |
| Give an example of a time when you experienced Change Blindness. | During a quick distraction (like a door opening), you fail to notice that the person you were just talking to has been replaced by a different person. |
| Give an example of a time when you experienced Choice Blindness. | You select a jar of jam flavor A as your favorite, but when researchers swap it with flavor B and ask you to explain your preference, you confidently justify why flavor B is the best, unaware of the switch. |
| Where does Transduction occur for vision? For hearing? | For vision, Transduction occurs in the retina (by the rods and cones). For hearing, Transduction occurs in the cochlea (by the hair cells). |
| If you can hear quieter sounds than your mom, who has the lower Absolute Threshold? | You have the lower Absolute Threshold because a lower level of stimulation (quieter sound) is required for you to detect it 50% of the time. |
| What does Weber's Law explain about the difference threshold? | Weber's Law explains that for an average person to perceive a difference between two stimuli (the difference threshold or Just Noticeable Difference, JND), the stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (or proportion), not a constant amount. |
| Give an example of a time when you experienced Sensory Adaptation. | You stop noticing the strong smell of your new cologne/perfume after wearing it for a few hours. |
| How are Perceptual Sets and Schemas and Concepts and Stereotypes related? | related because they are different types of mental frameworks (schemas/concepts) to organize the world. |
| What aspect of light does wavelength determine? | Wavelength determines the color/hue. |
| What color has the longest wavelengths? The shortest? | Red light has the longest wavelengths, and Blue/Violet light has the shortest wavelengths. |
| What aspect of light does amplitude determine? | Amplitude determines the intensity/brightness. |
| What is the pupil's job? | The pupil is a small adjustable opening through which light enters the eye. |
| What is the iris's job? | The iris is a ring of muscle tissue that controls the size of the pupil opening (constricts or dilates) in response to light intensity. |
| What is the lens's job? | The lens's job is to focus the incoming light rays onto the retina. The name for the process of changing its shape to focus on near or far objects is Accommodation. The lens is located behind the iris and pupil. |
| What causes color deficient vision? Define monochromatism and dichromatism. | Color deficient vision is absence or malfunction of one or more types of cones. Monochromatism is having no cones or only one type of cone. Dichromatism is having two types of cones instead of all three. |
| Give an example of a time when your eye would do accommodation. | Your eye would do accommodation when you look up from intensely reading the fine print on a receipt to focus on a friend's face across the table. |
| What is the retina's job? Where is the retina? | The retina's job is to contain the receptor rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information; it is where transduction occurs. The retina is the light-sensitive inner surface at the back of the eyeball. |
| Name the structures of the eye in the order that light passes through them. | Light passes through the structures in this order: Cornea, Pupil, Lens, and then the Retina (rods and cones). |
| What's the difference between rods and cones? | Rods process black/white and shades of gray, function in low light, and are necessary for peripheral vision. Cones process color, function in well-lit conditions, and are necessary for fine detail (acuity). |
| How are the optic nerve and the blind spot related? | The blind spot is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye to travel to the brain. There are no photoreceptors (rods or cones) at this specific point, creating a gap in vision. |
| Where is the fovea? Why is it special? | The fovea is the central focal point in the retina. It is special because it contains only densely packed cones and is the area of sharpest and clearest vision (central focus). |
| Where are feature detectors (signal detector cells) located? What do they do? | Feature detectors are located in the visual cortex of the brain (occipital lobe). They are nerve cells that respond selectively to specific features of the stimulus, such as lines, angles, or movement. |
| How are Trichromatic Theory and Opponent Process Theory different and similar? | Both necessary to explain the full range of color vision. Trichromatic applies at the level of the cones in the retina. Opponent Process applies at the level of the retinal ganglion cells and neurons in the thalamus, explaining opposing color pairs. |
| Which theory explains afterimages? | The Opponent Process Theory explains afterimages. |
| What are the color pairs for afterimages? | The color pairs for afterimages are Red/Green, Blue/Yellow, and Black/White. |
| What did the gestalt people say about how we look at the world? | The Gestalt people said that we organize our sensations into a "whole" (a Gestalt) that is more than the sum of its parts; they believe we always group things to make meaning. |
| What does it mean to do figure-ground orientation? | It means determining which part of a stimulus is the main object (figure) and which part is the background (ground). |
| If I group something according to proximity, what have I done? | You have grouped things according to what's close together. |
| How do babies learn depth perception? | Babies learn depth perception through experience/practice. |
| What was the big takeaway from Gibson's visual cliff experiment? | The big takeaway was that babies learn depth perception through experience/practice (specifically, through experience with crawling/moving and sensing differences in their environment), as most infants who could crawl would not cross the "cliff." |
| Explain how retinal disparity (binocular cues) is related to depth perception. | Retinal disparity is a binocular cue where our two eyes receive slightly different/disparate images. The more different/disparate the images are between your two retinas, the closer the object is perceived to be. |
| How many eyes do you need for monocular depth cues? | You need 1 eye for monocular depth cues. |
| What is interposition? | Interposition is a monocular depth cue where a closer thing blocks your view of a farther away thing. |
| What is relative size? | Relative size is when we perceive two objects that are similar in size; the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away. |
| What is texture gradient? | Texture gradient is a monocular cue where coarse, distinct details are perceived as close, while increasingly fine, indistinct, and dense details are perceived as farther away. |
| What is linear perspective? | Linear perspective is when parallel lines (like railroad tracks or the edges of a road) appear to converge as they get farther away. |
| Give an example of a time when you would experience color constancy. | When it's dark, you still see a bright red fire truck as being red instead of black or gray as it actually appears on your retina. |
| Give an example of a time when you would experience shape constancy. | When a door swings open or is only partially closed, you still see it as a rectangle even though the image on your retina changes shape. |
| Give an example of a time when you would experience size constancy. | When a plane flies high overhead, you still see it as being a large object of a constant size even though its retinal image is tiny. |
| What is audition? | Audition is the sense of hearing. |
| How are frequency and pitch related? | The frequency of sound waves determines the perceived pitch (high frequency = high pitch). |
| What is Volley Theory? | Volley Theory proposes that auditory neurons take turns ("volleying") firing in rapid succession to exceed the 1000 Hz limit of a single neuron, helping to explain how we perceive high-pitched sounds (above 1000 Hz). |
| What is place theory? | Place theory states that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. |
| What is frequency theory? | Frequency theory states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. |
| Where is the cochlea? | The cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear. |
| Where are the hair cells? | The hair cells are the receptors for hearing; they are located on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea. |
| In which part of the brain is hearing processed? | Hearing is processed in the Auditory Cortex in the Temporal Lobe of the brain. |
| What's the difference between conduction hearing loss and nerve deafness? | Conduction is caused by damage to the middle ear issues. Nerve Deafness (Sensorineural) is caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells (hair cells) or the auditory nerve (inner ear/cochlea issues). |
| What's the difference between place theory and frequency theory? | Place Theory best explains how we hear high pitches (due to the location of vibration), while Frequency Theory best explains how we hear low pitches (due to the rate of neural impulses). Volley theory covers intermediate pitches. |
| How does sound localization work? | We localize sound by comparing two things: the time difference between when the sound hits the two ears and the intensity difference (or loudness) between the two ears. |
| Why is it difficult to locate sounds directly overhead or in front of you? | It is difficult because the sounds hit both ears at the same time and with equal loudness, providing no difference cue for the brain to use for localization. |
| If you bumped your shin and it hurt really badly, how could you try to avoid the pain, according to gate control theory? | You could try to avoid the pain by rubbing the area around the bump. This activates large nerve fibers, which effectively closes the "gate" in the spinal cord, blocking the pain signals from reaching the brain. |
| What are the six basic tastes? | The original five basic tastes are Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, and Umami (savory). Recent research added Oleogustus (fat). |
| Where are your taste buds? | Your taste buds are located on the papillae (the bumps) on the tongue, as well as on the roof of the mouth and throat. |
| What is olfaction? | Olfaction is the sense of smell. |
| What is your kinesthetic sense? | The kinesthetic sense is the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts; determined through receptors in the joints, tendons, and muscles. |
| What is your vestibular sense? | The vestibular sense is the system for sensing body movement and position, including your sense of balance and spatial orientation; determined by fluid-filled tubes and sacs in the inner ear. |
| What sense do the semicircular canals process? | The semicircular canals process the vestibular sense (balance). |
| Name a food that tastes the way it does because of sensory interaction. | A strawberry tastes the way it does because of sensory interaction, as the brain combines the taste and texture sensations from your tongue with the smell sensations from your nose to create the complex experience of flavor. |
| Explain the differences between the Id, ego, and superego. How do you know if one is dominant? | The Id is selfish and unconscious. The Ego is the rational self. The Superego represents the conscience. You'll behave according to the strongest part if the three parts are not balanced by a strong Ego. |
| What is a Defense Mechanism? | A Defense Mechanism is the ego's unconscious protective method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
| What is repression? | Repression means unconsciously refusing to remember (banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts/memories from consciousness). |
| What is Regression? | Regression means retreating to an earlier, more comfortable psychosexual stage (immature or childish behavior). |
| What is Reaction Formation? | Reaction Formation means acting opposite of how you actually feel (e.g., outwardly expressing the opposite of unacceptable feelings). |
| What is Projection? | Projection means placing your feelings/thoughts on someone else (attributing one's own threatening impulses to others). |
| What is Rationalization? | Rationalization means thinking of seemingly logical reasons why an outcome is better this way (self-justifying explanations in place of the real, unconscious reasons). |
| What is Displacement? | Displacement means taking it out on an easier target (shifting impulses toward a safer object/person). |
| What is Sublimation? | Sublimation means taking the energy and using it to better yourself (rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially valued activities). |
| What is Denial? | Denial means refusing to believe painful realities. |
| Why does Freud think it's important to use his techniques to bring up repressed thoughts for his clients? | Freud thinks it's important so the client can bring unconscious mind stuff (the root of their anxiety/neurosis) to conscious awareness and deal with the conflict to resolve their psychological problems. |
| What do humanists think causes a person's personality? | Humanists think a person's personality is caused by their striving for self-determination and self-realization—where they are in their journey toward self-actualization. |
| How do you know if someone has reached the humanist ideal of Self-Actualization? | You know if someone has reached Self-Actualization if they are self-aware, self-accepting, creative, open, focused on a mission beyond themselves, and achieved the best version of self while focusing on giving back to society. |
| What do trait theorists say gives you your personality? | Trait theorists say that personality is determined by stable, measurable personality traits that are largely inborn and relatively consistent across situations. |
| How was factor analysis important in trait theory? | Factor analysis was important for reducing the huge number of traits (e.g., from thousands to the Big 5) by identifying clusters of behaviors that tend to group together statistically. |
| What is the only scientifically backed personality test? | The Big Five Inventory (or its comprehensive measure, the MMPI) is considered the only scientifically backed personality test due to its reliability and validity. |
| Name and describe the Big 5 traits. The Big 5 traits are often remembered by the acronym O.C.E.A.N. | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
| What does it mean to be high or low for Openness? | High = Imaginative, likes variety, independent; Low = Practical, prefers routine, conforming. |
| What does it mean to be high or low for Conscientiousness? | High = Organized, careful, disciplined; Low = Disorganized, careless, impulsive. |
| What does it mean to be high or low for Extraversion? | High = Sociable, fun-loving, outgoing; Low = Reserved, sober, retiring. |
| What does it mean to be high or low for Agreeableness? | High = Soft-hearted, trusting, helpful; Low = Ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative. |
| What does it mean to be high or low for Neuroticism? | High = Anxious, insecure, emotionally reactive; Low = Calm, secure, self-satisfied. |
| Why do trait theorists think personality traits are stable? | Trait theorists think personality traits are stable because they are considered to be biologically based, have high heritability, and tend to become more stable with age after young adulthood. |
| Social Cognitive theorists believe in reciprocal determinism. What are the three interacting factors in reciprocal determinism? | Personal Factors (internal cognitive factors like beliefs and expectations), Environment (external factors like social situations), and Behavior Choices |
Created by:
lcurty100