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Unit 3.7 and 3.8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Linguists | scientists who study languages |
| language tree | a diagram showing how languages relate, branching from a common ancestor |
| indo-European language tree | One of the 15 major families, a large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. |
| romance languages | the unifying language of Latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages |
| isoglosses | the boundaries between variations in pronunciation or word useage |
| dialects | variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling, regional variations of speaking |
| adages | sayings that attempt to say a truth about life |
| Toponyms | the names of places |
| official language | one language designated by law to be the language of governments |
| homogeneous | country made up of largely of ethnically similar people |
| adherents | Believers in their faith |
| ethnic religion | belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers |
| universal religion | Seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds |
| hinduism | the world's largest ethnic religion |
| polytheistic | having many gods |
| monotheistic | having one god |
| karma | the idea that behaviors have consequences in the in the present life or a future life |
| caste system | rigid class structure that shaped Indian society |
| buddhism | a major universalizing religion |
| sikhism | a universalizing religion founded in 15th-century Punjab |
| gurdwara | a Sikh place of worship and community center |
| judaism | an ethnic religion with a strong emphasis on cultural identity and shared history |
| christianity | a universalizing, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ |
| islam | a major universalizing religion founded on Muhammad's teachings |
| pilgrimage | a purposeful journey to a sacred place or shrine, undertaken for religious devotion |
| Homogenization | Making people of different places more alike |
| acculturation | an ethnic or immigrant group moving to to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture |
| assimilation | when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group |
| syncretism | the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait |
| glocalization | A form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market by adapting them to new cultures |
| multiculturalism | the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study |
| nativist | a general dislike of people from other cultures or countries |
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