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EDUC 245H
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| New England Colonies | Puritans, schools taught reading so children could understand Bible/moral texts |
| Middle Colonies | Mixed (Quakers, Catholics, Protestants) - Education sometimes run by religious groups but also by private tutors/charity schools |
| Southern Colonies | less formal public schooling; wealthy families hired tutors or send kids to England; churches had less direct control of public schooling because plantations were spread out |
| The "Old Deluder" Act | MA law requiring towns to hire teachers once they reached a certain size so children could read/understand scripture ("Old Deluder" = Satan) |
| Ceremonial Deism | Historical religious references in government (In God We Trust) |
| Acculturation | teaching students the culture, values, and traditions, of the existing society (preserves status quo) |
| Social Reconstructionism | Education as a tool to intentionally change society (seeks progressive change in society) |
| Idealism | Plato - emphasis on ideals, truth, moral development |
| Realism | Aristotle - focus on observable reality, logic, natural laws |
| Progressivism | Dewey - learn by doing, problem-solving, student-centered |
| Behaviorism | Watson/Skinner - focus on observable behavior and reinforcement |
| Essentialism | Bagley - back to basics, core knowledge and skills |
| Perennialism | Adler/Hutchins - focus on enduring ideas and great books, teacher centered |
| Modern Essentialism | keep focus on core skills but incorporates standards, critical thinking, technology, etc. |
| Dewey's Contributions to Education | promoted progressive education and "learn by doing", started lab schools, etc. |
| Jefferson's Roles in Education Reform | advocated for public education to create informed citizens, founded University of Virginia, promoted secular education |
| Horace Mann's Contributions | advocated tax-supported public schools, supported teacher training, standardized curricula, and secular schooling |
| Mary McLeod Bethune's Contributions | Founded a university, advocated education for African Americans and women, served as an advisor to presidents, etc. |
| Seven Cardinal Principles | Health, Command of Fundamental Processes, Worthy Home Membership, Vocation, Civic Education, Worthy Use of Leisure, Ethical Character |
| G.I. Bill | gave veterans money for college, jobs, and housing |
| Kohlberg - Level 1 | Preconventional - (1) avoid punishment, (2) self-interest |
| Kohlberg - Level 2 | Conventional - (3) approval from others, (4) maintain social order |
| Kohlberg - Level 3 | Postconventional - (5) social contract/individual rights, (6) internal moral principles |
| Sputnik | U.S. emphasis on science and math education; federal funding for STEM, created higher standards |
| A Nation at Risk | warned of an "educational crisis"; led to standards-based reform, more testing, etc. |
| Reasonable Man Standard | what a hypothetical reasonable person would do under similar circumstances - used in negligence/some school discipline/search contexts to judge whether actions were sensible |
| 3 Obligations in the Professional Code | Obligation to the students, Obligation to the Profession, Obligation to the public |
| Danielson's Framework/Domain 4 | Professional Responsibilities - reflecting on teaching, maintaining accurate records, growing professionally, demonstrating professionalism, etc. |
| Establishment Clause | schools cannot sponsor or endorse religion |
| Free Exercise Clause | students may privately practice religion |
| 3-Prong "Lemon Test" | has secular purpose, primary effect does not advance or inhibit religion, does not create excessive entanglement between government and religion |
| Viewpoint Discrimination | government/school restricts speech because of the speakers viewpoint |
| Open Forum | open before/after school hours (ex: all public places) |
| Limited Open Forum | opens space for certain topics - restrictions must be reasonable and viewpoint neutral (ex: allowing community groups to use auditorium) |
| Closed Forum | speech restricted as long as restrictions are reasonable/viewpoint neutral (ex: certain school activities) |
| Discovery Learning | students learn best by discovering knowledge (Bruner) |
| Spiral Curriculum | revisit topics at increasing complexity over time (Bruner) |
| Zone of Proximal Development | difference between what a learner can do alone and with help (Vygotsky) |
| Scaffolding | temporary support by a teacher/peer (Vygotsky) |
| Stages of Cognitive Development | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, formal operational (Piaget) |
| Multiple Intelligences | people have different kinds of intelligences (ex: linguistic, spatial, musical, interpersonal, kinesthetic, etc.) |
| Bloom's Taxonomy | hierarchical classification of cognitive skills (remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create) |
| West Virginia v. Barnette | students cannot be forced to salute the flag or recite the pledge - forcing speech violates the First Amendment |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | students wearing armbands protesting the Vietnam War were protected speech - students do not shed free speech at school |
| Safford v. Redding | a strip search of a middle-school student for alleged ibuprofen violated the 4th Amendment - case limits extreme searched without adequate suspicion |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman | state laws allowing direct aid to religious schools were unconstitutional - established Lemon Test |
| Zamecnik v. Indian Prairie | Seventh Circuit ruled in favor of students who wore t-shirts with controversial message - decision reinforced the 1st Amendment rights regarding expression and limited school censorship of student speech |
| New Jersey v. TLO | schools may search students based on reasonable suspicion when safety/discipline is at stake |
| Brown v. Board of Education | segregated public schools are inherently unequal; overturned "separate but equal" (Plessy v. Ferguson) |
| Goss v. Lopez | students facing suspension are entitled to some due process (notice and opportunity to present their side) |
| Fourth Amendment | protects from unreasonable searches and seizures |
| Orderly Learning Environment | preventing disruption (can limit speech) |
| Procedural Due Process | fair procedures before depriving life/liberty/property |
| Substantive Due Process | protects certain fundamental rights from government interference |
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