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Health Vocab
ch 8-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| drug | Any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body. |
| psychoactive drug | A drug that can alter a person’s consciousness or experience. |
| intoxication | The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally, a state of being poisoned). |
| addiction | Chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s system of motivation and reward, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior, and by harm to the individual and/or society |
| addictive behavior | Compulsive behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing and is often pursued to the marginalization or exclusion of other activities and responsibilities |
| tolerance | Lower sensitivity to a drug so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed. |
| substance misuse or abuse | The use of any substance despite in a manner inconsistent with legal or medical guidelines; may be associated with adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences; the use may be intermittent and with or without tolerance and physical dependence |
| withdrawal | Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug on which a user is physically dependent; symptoms may be mild or life threatening. |
| dependence | Recurring use of a drug or behavior makes coping w/out it difficult; result of physiological &/or psychological adaptation to substance or behavior; associated w/ tolerance & withdrawal but can also be based on behavioral factors (ex. compulsive use) |
| substance use disorder | A cluster of symptoms involving cognitive, bodily, and social impairment related to the continued use of a substance; a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe |
| neurotransmitter | A brain chemical that transmits nerve impulses. |
| pharmacological properties | The overall effects of a drug on a person’s behavior, psychology, and chemistry |
| dose-response function | The relationship between the amount of a drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect |
| time-action function | The relationship between the time elapsed since a drug was taken and the intensity of its effect. |
| high | The subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt quite soon after the drug is taken. |
| placebo effect | A response to an inert or innocuous substance given in place of an active drug. |
| opioid | Any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness and/or euphoria; examples are opium, morphine, and heroin; also called a narcotic |
| euphoria | An exaggerated feeling of well-being. |
| depressant, sedative-hypnotic | A drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep |
| tranquilizer | A central nervous system (CNS) depressant that reduces tension and anxiety. |
| central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord. |
| sedation | The induction of a calm, relaxed, often sleepy state. |
| barbiturates | CNS depressants used to treat seizures, headaches, and sometimes used in euthanasia. |
| benzodiazepines | CNS depressants used for sleep and anxiety disorders. |
| Rohypnol | flunitrazepam) A sedative that is 10 times more potent than Valium; used as a “date rape drug.” |
| GHB | (gamma hydroxybutyrate) |
| GHB | central nervous system depressant that can be produced in clear liquid, white powder, tablet, and capsule form. |
| stimulant | A drug that increases nervous or muscular activity. |
| state dependence | A situation in which information learned in a drug-induced state is difficult to recall when the effect of the drug wears off |
| psychosis | A severe mental disorder characterized by a distortion of reality; symptoms might include delusions or hallucinations. |
| depersonalization | A state in which a person loses the sense of his or her reality or perceives his or her body as unreal |
| hallucinogen | Any of several drugs that alter perception, feelings, or thoughts; examples are LSD, mescaline, and PCP |
| synesthesia | condition in which a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character, such as when a color evokes a specific smell |
| flashback | A perceptual distortion or bizarre thought that recurs after the chemical effects of a drug have worn off |
| codependency | A relationship in which a non–substance-abusing partner or family member is controlled by the abuser’s behavior; codependent people frequently engage in enabling behaviors. |
| alcohol | The intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages; a colorless, pungent liquid. |
| proof value | Two times the percentage of alcohol, by volume, in an alcoholic beverage; a “100-proof” beverage is 50% alcohol by volume |
| one drink | The amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounce of alcohol; also called a standard drink |
| metabolism | The chemical transformation of food and other substances in the body into energy and wastes, first through breaking apart the components and then using them in other forms |
| blood alcohol concentration (BAC) | The amount of alcohol in the blood expressed as the percentage of alcohol in a deciliter of blood, used as a measure of intoxication |
| binge drinking | Periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication: about four drinks (for women) and five drinks (for men) consumed within a period of about two hours |
| cirrhosis | A disease in which the liver is severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or infection. |
| cardiac myopathy | Weakening of the heart muscle through disease. |
| alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) | Cognitive and behavioral problems seen in people whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy |
| alcoholic use disorder | Abuse of alcohol that leads to clinically significant impairment. |
| alcoholism | A pathological use of alcohol or impairment in functioning due to alcohol; characterized by tolerance to alcohol and withdrawal symptoms. |
| hallucination | A false perception that does not correspond to external reality, such as seeing visions or hearing voices that are not there. |
| delirium tremens (the DTs) | A state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in an alcohol-dependent person; other symptoms are sweating, trembling, anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures |
| tobacco | The leaves of cultivated tobacco plants prepared for smoking, chewing, or use as snuff. |
| psychoactive drug | A chemical substance that affects brain function and changes perception, mood, or consciousness |
| nicotine | A toxic, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco |
| withdrawal | Symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, and insomnia that can be relieved by taking more of an addictive substance. |
| secondary reinforcers | Stimuli that are not necessarily pleasurable in themselves but that are associated with other stimuli that are pleasurable |
| cigarette tar | A brown, sticky mass created when the chemical particles in tobacco smoke condense. |
| carcinogen | Any substance that causes cancer. |
| cocarcinogen | A substance that works with a carcinogen to cause cancer. |
| sidestream smoke | The uninhaled smoke from a burning cigarette. |
| cerebral cortex | The outer region of the brain, which controls complex behavior and mental activity. |
| coronary heart disease (CHD) | Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease. |
| atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries |
| plaque | A deposit on the inner wall of blood vessels; blood can coagulate around plaque and form a clot |
| angina pectoris | Chest pain due to coronary heart disease. |
| myocardial infarction | A heart attack caused by the complete blockage of a main coronary artery. |
| emphysema | disease characterized by a loss of lung tissue elasticity and destruction of the air sacs, impairing the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide |
| chronic bronchitis | Recurrent, persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes. |
| hookah | A pipe used for smoking specially flavored tobacco (e.g., apple, mint, cherry); sometimes called a water pipe or shisha |
| environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) | Smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, as well as smoke that is exhaled by smokers; also called secondhand smoke |
| mainstream smoke | Smoke that is inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled into the atmosphere. |
Created by:
Carrolynne