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DNA and RNA

QuestionAnswer
Nucleic Acid Large biological molecules (like DNA and RNA) that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleotide The basic building block (monomer) of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide has three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA Bases The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
Base Pairs Pairs of nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds: A pairs with T C pairs with G These form the “rungs” of the DNA ladder.
Purine A type of nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure. Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines Nitrogenous bases with a single-ring structure. Pyrimidines: Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U) (in RNA).
RNA Bases The four nitrogenous bases in RNA: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). (RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine.)
Comparing RNA and DNA DNA: double-stranded, uses T, has deoxyribose sugar. RNA: single-stranded, uses U, has ribose sugar, involved in protein synthesis.
Genetic code The set of instructions in the cells of all living things for turning the information in sequences of DNA bases into proteins.
Trait A form of a characteristic
Triplet A sequence of three DNA bases on a gene that codes for an RNA codon
Codon A sequence of three RNA bases on a gene that codes a specific amino acid
Anticodon A sequence of bases in tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon
Genome All the genetic material of an organism; the complete set of DNA, including all of its genes
Characteristics General features or qualities of an organism (e.g., eye colour, height).
Traits Specific forms of a characteristic (e.g., blue eyes, tall height).
Chromosomes / Chromatin Chromatin: Long, thread-like strands of DNA wrapped around proteins (histones); found when the cell is not dividing. Chromosomes: Condensed, tightly coiled chromatin visible during cell division; carry genes made of DNA.
Histones Proteins that DNA wraps around, helping to organise chromosomes and control gene activity.
Coding DNA Sections of DNA that contain instructions to make proteins.
Non-coding DNA DNA that does not code for proteins but has other roles (e.g., controlling genes, structural functions, switching genes on/off).
Gene A short section of DNA that controls a characteristic by coding for a protein.
Locus The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Gamete A sex cell containing half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid), e.g., sperm or egg.
Fertilisation The fusion of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell to form a zygote.
Nuclear inheritance Inheritance of traits from DNA found in the chromosomes in the nucleus.
Non-nuclear inheritance Inheritance of traits from DNA outside the nucleus, mainly from mitochondria (in animals/plants) or chloroplasts (in plants). These are usually passed from the mother.
Created by: Cormac Cronin
 

 



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