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HW: Ch 7B Pg 190-197
DUE 12/9/25
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| crackle | intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale. |
| After the doctor listened to my lungs with the stethoscope, she told me that I had a crackle due to my pneumonia. | |
| pulmonology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system |
| thoracodynia | altered breathing patterns |
| physician who treats disorders | pulmonologist |
| COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages |
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| bronchospams | asthma produces spasms in the bronchial passage |
| paroxysmal | that may be sudden and violent |
| productive cough | coughing episodes produce large amounts of mucus |
| exacerbations | epithelium of the bronchial passages thickens, breathing becomes more difficult, and flare ups occur more frequently |
| mucolytics | loosening and breaking down mucus |
| bronchodilators | medications that expand the bronchi |
| when treatment does not reverse bronchospasm, a life-threatening condition | status asthmaticus |
| at risk, mild | minor difficulty with airflow |
| moderate | apparent limitation in airflow |
| severe | inadequate airflow |
| very severe | severe airflow limitations |
| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution |
| expectorants | help widen air passages |
| emphysema | characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli |
| expand | dilate |
| standing erect | orthopnea |
| pneumonia | inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs (alveoli) |
| becomes swollen and engorged | consolidation |
| aspiration pneumonias | inhaled substances such as food, vomitus, or liquids |
| PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia) | type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS. |
| when the system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious | opportunistic |
| thoracodynia, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and coughing up sputum containing white blood cells | mucopurulent sputum |
| ARDS | a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively |
| affecting the entire body | systemic infections |
| blood | sepsis |
| NRDS | form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in preterm infants born to diabetic mothers |
| nares | nostrils |
| cyanosis | blueness |
| tachypnea | rapid breathing |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | malignancy that arises from the epithelium on the bronchial tree |
| metastasize | spread to other areas of the body |
| abnormal breath sounds | Abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds |
| rhoncus | Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring |
| stridor | High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway |
| wheeze | Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway Wheezing is a sign of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions. |
| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids |
| anosmia | Absence of the sense of smell |
| apnea | Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea |
| central | A form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing Cheyne-Stokes, a type of periodic respiration related to C.SA, is commonly associated with heart failure. |
| obstructive | Most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs Causes of OSA include enlarged tonsils or adenoids or decreased muscle tone of the soft palate that causes it to collapse over the airwa |
| mixed | Type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously |
| Anosmia usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection (URI) or a condition that causes intranasal swelling. | |
| Apneic episodes may be as seldom as once per hour or as often as once every 5 minutes. | |
| atelectasis | collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung |
| coryza | Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis Causes of corza include bacteria, viruses, irritants, and allergens. |
| croup | Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs |
| cystic fibrosis | Life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas There is no cure for cystic fibrosis. |
| Signs and symptoms of croup include a resonant, barking cough with suffoca-tive, difficult breathing; laryngeal spasms; and, sometimes, the narrowing of the top of the air passages. | |
| deviated nasal septum | Displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleed |
| epiglottis | Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years |
| Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway. | |
| epistaxis | Nasal hemorthage; also called nosebleed |
| hypoxemia | Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia |
| hypoxia | Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis pertussis |
| influenza | Acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu |
| Flu viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing regularly. Guidelines recommend vaccination each flu season because flu can cause serious complications, including pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and asthma flare-up. | |
| pertussis | Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough |
| Immunization of infants as part of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination is effective in preventing pertussis. | |
| pleural effusion | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs |
| Pleural effusions are described as exudates when the effusion is high in protein and immune cells or as transudates when the fluid resembles serum and does not contain inflammatory cells. | |
| empyema | Exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax |
| pneumothorax | Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery Pneumothorax commonly causes a partial or complete collapse of a lung |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing also called pleuritis |
| pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure |
| pulmonary embolism | blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body |
| sudden infant death syndrome | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age of 12 months, also called crib death |
| tuberculosis | potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue and night sweats |
| tubercul | little swelling |
| osis | abnormal condition |
| pulmon | lung |
| ary | pertaining to |
| embol | plug |
| ism | condition |
| pleur | pleura |
| epiglott | epiglottis |
| ox | oxygen |
| emia | blood condition |
| hyp | under, below |
| nas | nose |
| fibr | fiber, fibrous tissue |
| cyst | bladder |
| osmia | smell |
| Radiography shows a membrane the has a ground-glass appearance (hyaline membrane), bilateral decrease in lung volume, and tur in the alveoli (alveolar consolidation). Although severe cases of hyaline membrane disease. | |
| However, other agents, such as viruses and bacteria, may also cause the disorder. Bronchitis is characterized by swelling of the mucosa and a heavy, productive cough accompanied by chest pain. | |
| Patients commonly seek medical help when they suffer exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB. | |
| Bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus (expectorants) help widen air passages. | |
| Steroids are prescribed if the disease progresses or becomes chronic. | |
| The alveoli expand (dilate) but are unable to contract to their original size, making it difficult to exhale | |
| The air that remains trapped in the chest results in a characteristic "barrel-chested" appearance. | |
| Emphysema commonly occurs with another respiratory disorder, such as asthma, tuberculosis, or chronic bronchitis, and in long-term heavy smokers. | |
| Most emphysema sufferers find it easier to breathe when sitting upright or standing erect (orthopnea). | |
| As the disease progresses, relief— even in the orthopneic position— is not possible. Treatment for emphysema is similar to that for chronic bronchitis. | |
| Climbers at high altitudes can experience hypoxia when their body tissues don’t get enough oxygen. | |
| The doctor checked the patient’s blood because she was worried about hypoxemia, which means low oxygen levels in the blood. | |
| During practice, he got a mild epistaxis, which is just another word for a nosebleed. | |
| The toddler had a barking cough, and the doctor said it was croup. | |
| People with cystic fibrosis often produce thick mucus that affects their lungs and digestion. | |
| After surgery, the nurse encouraged deep breaths to prevent atelectasis, which is the collapse of part of a lung. | |
| She stayed home from school because she had coryza, meaning a common cold. | |
| The epiglottis is a flap that covers the airway when you swallow food. | |
| A pleural effusion happens when extra fluid builds up around the lungs. | |
| Empyema is when pus collects in the space around the lungs due to a severe infection. | |
| A pneumothorax occurs if air leaks into the space around the lung, causing it to partially collapse. | |
| Pleurisy can cause sharp chest pain because the lining around the lungs becomes inflamed. | |
| Pulmonary edema means fluid has built up inside the lungs, making breathing difficult. | |
| A pulmonary embolism is a serious condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs. | |
| Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and spreads through the air. | |
| Doctors still research sudden infant death syndrome to understand why it happens. | |
| The nurse gently examined the patient’s nares, which are the openings of the nostrils. | |
| NRDS occurs in newborns whose lungs aren’t fully developed yet. | |
| ARDS is a condition where the lungs suddenly become very inflamed and can’t supply enough oxygen. | |
| Stridor is a harsh, high-pitched sound heard when someone has trouble getting air through their airway. | |
| The doctor heard a low rattling sound called a rhoncus when listening to the patient’s lungs. |
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