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Unit 2 Part 2 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cognition | All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
| Metacognition | Cognition about our cognition, keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes |
| concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| prototype | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype is a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird such as a crow) |
| Schema | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
| Assimilation | Interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
| Accomidation | adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information |
| Creativity | the ability to produce new and novel ideas |
| Convergent thinking | Narrowing the avaliable problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| Divergent thinking | Expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions. |
| Executive functions | cognitive skills that work together enabling us to generate, organize, plan and implement goal-detected behaivor. |
| algorithim | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone- use of heuristics. |
| hueristic | A simple thinking strategy, a mental shortcut that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithim. |
| insight | A sudden realization of a problems solution, contrast with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| fixation | in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. an obstacle in problem solving. |
| mental set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted to explicit conscious reasoning. |
| representativeness heuristic | Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes, may leas us to ignore other relevant information. |
| availability heuristic | Judging the likelihood of events based on their availbility in memory: if instances come readily to mind (Perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common. |
| overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. |
| belief perserverance | The persistence of ones initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. |
| nudge | Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions. |
| memory | The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage and retrieval of information. |
| recall | A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| recognition | A measure of memory in which a person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
| relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
| encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system- for ex: by extracting meaning |
| storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| parallel processing | Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem stimultaneously. |
| sensory memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short-term memory | Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of phone# while calling) that is late stored or forgotten |
| long-term memory | The relatively permanent, limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| working memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| central executive | A memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospacial sketchpad |
| phonological loop | A memory component that briefly holds auditory information |
| visuospatial sketchpad | A memory component that briefly holds information about objects appearance and location in space. |
| neurogenesis | The formation of new neurons |
| long-term potentiation | An increase in a nerve cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation a neural basis for learning and memory |
| explicit memory | retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare. also called declarative memory |
| effortful processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | Unconscoius encoding of inciental information such as space, time, frequency, and of familiar or well learned information such as sounds, smells, and word meanings. |
| implicit memory | Retention of learned skills of classically conditioned associations independent of concious recollection |
| iconic memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few 10ths of a second. |
| echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| chunking | Organizing items into |
| mnemonics | |
| spacing effect | |
| testing effect | |
| shallow processing | |
| deep processing | |
| semantic memory | |
| episodic memory | |
| hippocampus | |
| memory consolidation | |
| flashbulb memory | |
| priming | |
| encoding specificity principle | |
| mood-congruent memory | |
| serial position effect | |
| interleaving | |
| anterograde amnesia | |
| retrograde amnesia | |
| proactive interference | |
| retroactive interference | |
| repression | |
| reconsolidation | |
| misinformation effect | |
| source amnesia | |
| deja vu | |
| intelligence | |
| general intelligence | |
| factor analysis | |
| fluid intelligence | |
| crystallized intelligence | |
| Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory | |
| savant syndrome | |
| grit | |
| emotional intelligence | |
| intelligence test | |
| achievement test | |
| aptitude test | |
| mental age | |
| intelligence quotient | |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | |
| psychometrics | |
| standardization | |
| normal curve | |
| flynn effect | |
| reliability | |
| validity | |
| content validity | |
| construct validity | |
| predictive validity | |
| cross sectional study | |
| longitudinal study | |
| cohort | |
| growth mindset | |
| fixed mindset | |
| steryotype threat |
Created by:
hoffemil