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Chantal Ronco
Human Physiology Study set 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary | Hypothalamus |
| Audition (hearing) is a function of which brain lobe? | Temporal lobe |
| Principle of autonomic antagonism | If sympathetic impulses stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses inhibit it |
| Which is NOT an example of parasympathetic stimulation? | Increased heart rate |
| Which is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Difference between somatic and autonomic reflexes | Somatic reflexes cause skeletal muscle contraction; autonomic reflexes cause smooth or cardiac muscle contraction or gland secretion |
| Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed? | Choroid plexuses |
| : Nerve that increases peristalsis and decreases heart rate | Vagus nerve |
| Neurotransmitter used in a somatic motor pathway | Acetylcholine |
| Acetylcholine stimulates which receptors? | Nicotinic receptors |
| Brain region responsible for balance | Cerebellum |
| Where is norepinephrine released? | Most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings |
| Damage to the ventral nerve root results in loss of what? | Willed movement |
| Final step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action | Protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| Immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell | Transcription of RNA |
| Function of glucagon | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| Endocrine system effects compared to nervous system | Slow to appear but long-lasting |
| Hormone that operates through positive feedback | Oxytocin |
| Thyroid hormone secretion is stimulated by hormones from the | Anterior pituitary |
| Membrane involved when hair cells in the organ of Corti bend to generate impulses | Tectorial membrane |
| Potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth | Endolymph |
| Platelets play an important role in | Blood clotting |
| Natural blood constituent that acts as an antithrombin and prevents clot formation | Heparin |
| Physiological mechanism that dissolves blood clots | Fibrinolysis |
| When does the fetal heart begin beating? | After about 4 weeks |
| Two baroreceptors located near the heart Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors | Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| Test used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood | Hematocrit |
| A decrease in white blood cell count is called | Leukopenia |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that increased fiber stretch results in | Stronger contraction |
| Hormone secreted to increase oxygen concentration in body tissues | Erythropoietin |
| Genetic characteristics that provide defense against certain pathogens | Species resistance |
| Antibody synthesized by immature B cells and inserted into their plasma membrane | Immunoglobulin D (IgD) |
| Activated T cells divide to form what two cell types? | Effector T cells and memory cells |
| Powerful poison that acts directly on cells and quickly kills them | Cytotoxin |
| Lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells | Natural killer (NK) cells |
| Protein that interferes with viral replication | Interferon |
| Antibody whose function is basically unknown | IgD |
| Only antibody class that can cross the placenta | IgG |
| Immune mechanism used by T cells because they attack pathogens directly | Cell-mediated immunity |
| Two major categories of immune defense mechanisms | Innate and adaptive immunity |
| Which statement about breathing mechanics is NOT true? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax |
| What factors determine how much oxygen diffuses into the blood each minute? | Total respiratory surface area, alveolar ventilation, and oxygen pressure gradient |
| Approximate partial pressure of oxygen at sea level | 160 mm Hg |
| Vital capacity equals the sum of which lung volumes? | Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume |
| About 98.5% of oxygen in arterial blood is carried by | Hemoglobin |
| Major site for absorption of the end products of digestion | Small intestine |
| Effect of the enterogastric reflex | Inhibition of gastric peristalsis |
| Phase of gastric secretion stimulated by sight, taste, and smell of food | Cephalic phase |
| What is fat emulsification? | Breaking fats into small droplets |
| Hormone that causes release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa | Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) |
| Hormone that stimulates bicarbonate release from the pancreas | Secretin |
| Pepsin begins digestion of which nutrient? | Protein |
| Main purpose of peristalsis | Propel food forward along the GI tract |
| Step of swallowing (deglutition) under voluntary control | Oral stage |
| End product of fat digestion | Glycerol |
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Cronco