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APUSH 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| John Tyler | 10th U.S. president who pushed for Texas annexation. |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) | Settled U.S.-Canada boundary disputes with Britain. |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent. |
| Lewis Cass | Senator who promoted popular sovereignty on slavery. |
| Sam Houston | Leader of Texas independence and first president of Texas Republic. |
| Mexican-American War | 1846–48 war where the U.S. defeated Mexico and gained western lands. |
| Oregon Fever | Mass migration of Americans to Oregon Territory in the 1840s. |
| 49th Parallel | Final boundary line between U.S. and British Canada in Oregon. |
| Franciscan Missions | Spanish missions in California aimed to convert Native Americans. |
| Annexation of Texas | Formal addition of Texas to the U.S. in 1845. |
| Annexation of California - Bear Flag Republic | Short-lived 1846 revolt where Americans declared California independent. |
| John C. Fremont | Explorer who aided the U.S. takeover of California. |
| James K. Polk | Expansionist president who led U.S. during the Mexican-American War. |
| Winfield Scott | U.S. general who captured Mexico City. |
| Zachary Taylor | General in Mexican-American War; later became president. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Ended the Mexican-American War and ceded large territory to the U.S. |
| Wilmot Proviso | Proposed ban on slavery in land gained from Mexico. |
| Mexican Cession | Land Mexico gave the U.S. in 1848, including CA and the Southwest. |
| Matthew C. Perry | Naval officer who opened Japan to U.S. trade in 1854. |
| Gadsden Purchase | 1853 purchase of land from Mexico for a southern railroad route. |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | U.S.-British agreement not to control a Central American canal alone. |
| Popular Sovereignty | Idea that settlers of a territory should vote on slavery. |
| Secession | Southern states leaving the Union before the Civil War. |
| Free-Soil Party | Party opposing expansion of slavery into western territories. |
| California Gold Rush | Mass migration to California after 1848 gold discovery. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Package of laws easing sectional tensions, including CA as free state. |
| The Great Debate | Senate debates over the Compromise of 1850. |
| Stephen A. Douglas | Senator who pushed popular sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. |
| Nativism | Anti-immigrant movement favoring native-born Americans. |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Required return of escaped slaves; angered the North. |
| Underground Railroad | Network helping enslaved people escape to freedom. |
| Harriet Tubman | Key conductor on the Underground Railroad. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | Anti-slavery novel that increased Northern opposition to slavery. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. |
| Franklin Pierce | Democratic president who supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska; repealed Missouri Compromise. |
| “Bleeding Kansas” | Violent clashes between pro- and anti-slavery groups in Kansas. |
| Sumner-Brooks Incident | Congressman Brooks attacked Senator Sumner over slavery speech. |
| Know-Nothing Party | Nativist political party opposing immigration and Catholics. |
| Republican Party | Founded in 1850s to oppose slavery’s expansion. |
| John Brown’s Raid on Harper Ferry | Attempt to start a slave revolt by seizing federal arsenal in 1859. |
| James Buchanan | President before Lincoln; failed to prevent sectional crisis. |
| Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) | Supreme Court decision denying citizenship to African Americans. |
| Lecompton Constitution | Pro-slavery constitution proposed for Kansas statehood. |
| Panic of 1857 | Economic downturn that hit Northern industries hardest. |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th president; preserved the Union and ended slavery. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Senate debates focusing on slavery’s expansion. |
| Freeport Doctrine | Douglas’s argument that territories could limit slavery despite Dred Scott. |
| Fort Sumter | Federal fort where the Civil War began in 1861. |
| Border States | Slave states that stayed in the Union during the Civil War. |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States. |
| Civil War | 1861–65 war between the Union and Confederacy. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union general who won the war; later president. |
| Battle of Bull Run | First major battle of the Civil War; Confederate victory. |
| “Anaconda Strategy” | Union plan to blockade and split the Confederacy. |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. |
| Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson | Skilled Confederate general known for steadfastness. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln’s order freeing slaves in Confederate territory. |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln’s speech redefining the war’s purpose. |
| Vicksburg | Union victory that gained control of the Mississippi River. |
| March to the Sea | Sherman’s destructive march through Georgia. |
| Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse | Lee surrendered to Grant, ending major fighting. |
| Homestead Act | Gave settlers free western land to encourage migration. |
| Pacific Railway Act | Funded construction of the transcontinental railroad. |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Abolished slavery in the U.S. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Granted citizenship and equal protection to all born in the U.S. |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Gave voting rights to African American men. |
| Radical Republicans | Republicans who wanted harsh Reconstruction and full rights for freedmen. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Agency helping freed slaves with education and resources. |
| Reconstruction | Period of rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves. |
| John Wilkes Booth | Assassin who killed Abraham Lincoln. |
| Andrew Johnson | President after Lincoln; lenient toward the South. |
| Black Codes | Southern laws restricting the rights of freedmen. |
| Sharecropping | Farm labor system keeping many freedmen economically dependent. |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Radical Republican leader in Congress. |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction. |
| Scalawags | Southern whites who supported Reconstruction. |
| Horace Greeley | Newspaper editor and 1872 presidential candidate. |
| Ku Klux Klan | Violent group terrorizing African Americans and Republicans. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South. |
Created by:
arianacontreras