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pharm 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aldosterone | Hormone that promotes sodium and fluid reabsorption |
| Angiotensin II | Potent vasoconstrictor that is produced when the renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system is activated |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme | Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. |
| Cardiac output | Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute a central measure of heart performance, calculated by heartrate x stroke volume (amount of blood ejected per beat) |
| Blood pressure is determined by: | systole/diastole |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Measure of blood pressure when the heart is at rest (diastole). |
| Diuretic | Drug that produces diuresis (urination). |
| Hyperkalemia | elevated potassium levels |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure. Elevated diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure or both |
| Isolated systolic hypertension | Elevated systolic blood pressure only. Diastolic blood pressure is within the normal range. |
| Metabolic syndrome | a cluster of conditions that occur together, including: Obesity, diabetes risk factor for hypertension that promotes the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. |
| Systolic blood pressure | Measure of the pressure when the heart's ventricles are contracting (systole). |
| Orthostatic hypotension | Sudden drop in blood pressure that occurs when arising from lying down or sitting to standing. |
| Peripheral vascular resistance | resistance blood encounters as it flows through peripheral arteries. |
| Renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system | System that is activated when there is a drop in renal blood flow. Activation increases blood volume, blood flow to the kidneys, vasoconstriction, and blood pressure. |
| average BP | SYSTOLE 120 DIASTOLE 80 |
| Formula for determining blood pressure: | BP = CO × PR •CO = Cardiac output •PR = Peripheral resistance |
| Drugs that increase blood pressure | ⮚ NSAIDS(COX-2 inhibitors) ⮚ Cocaine, amphetamines ⮚ Diet pills ⮚ Oral contraceptives ⮚ Glucocorticosteroids ⮚ Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) ⮚ Cyclosporin and tacrolimus ⮚ Erythropoietin ⮚ Licorice ⮚ Herbals |
| Stage 1 Hypertension | 135/85 |
| Stage 2 Hypertension | 140/90 |
| Diabetes BP goal | <130/80 |
| preeclampsia | hypertension that develops during pregnancy, often after 20 weeks of gestation/ protein found in urine |
| gestational hypertension | high blood pressure that develops during pregnancy, typically after 20 weeks of gestation, in women who previously had normal blood pressure./ no proteinuria |
| Prehypertension | readings between 120–139 systolic or 80–89 diastolic |
| drugs ending in -zide -zone -mide | Thiazide Diuretics |
| Thiazide Diuretics moa | Decrease reabsorption of Na+, H2O, Cl− •Decrease blood volume •Reduce cardiac output •Decrease peripheral resistance |
| •Bumetanide •Furosemide •Torsemide | loop diuretics |
| loop diuretics moa | They act in the kidney by blocking sodium/potassium reabsorption. They are taken orally and absorbed through the gut. They circulate in the blood mostly bound to proteins The result is reduced blood volume, which helps lower blood pressure. |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Amiloride ⮚ Triamterene Inhibit sodium reabsorption while avoiding potassium loss |
| Aldosterone antagonists: | ⮚ Spironolactone: blocks effect of aldosterone on sodium channels ⮚ Eplerenone: increases renin and aldosterone levels by increasing urinary excretion of hormones |
| angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors | drugs end in -pril |
| angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors moa | •Inhibit activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme: ⮚ Reduces angiotensin II and aldosterone levels |
| ace inhibitors Cause accumulation of bradykinins | By preventing bradykinin breakdown, these drugs increase bradykinin levels. Elevated bradykinins cause vasodilation, which reduces peripheral resistance and lowers blood pressure |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Agonists | drugs end in -artan |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Agonists moa | Competitive antagonists at the angiotensin II receptor site •Inhibit angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Agonists: Adverse Reactions | •Fatigue •Abdominal pain •Dizziness •Dry mouth •Constipation •Impotence •Muscle cramps |
| Alpha1 Blockers | •Doxazosin •Prazosin •Terazosin |
| Alpha1 Blockers: MOA | •Dilate blood vessels •Produce vascular relaxation •Reduce peripheral resistance •Reduce LDL cholesterol levels |
| Central-Acting Alpha2-Agonists | Methyldopa: ⮚ Reduces sympathetic activity •Clonidine: ⮚ Inhibits norepinephrine release from CNS and peripheral sites •Reserpine: ⮚ Depletes neuronal stores of norepinephrine at CNS and peripheral sites |
| Direct Vasodilators | Hydralazine and minoxidil ⮚ Relax vascular smooth muscle ⮚ Reduce blood pressure ⮚ Decrease peripheral resistance |
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