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Exam 4 Wes. Civ
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reconquista | Series of campaigns (8th–1492) in which Christian kingdoms retook Iberian territory from Muslim rule; Significant because it unified Spain and enabled later imperial expansion. Reasons for Exploration |
| Reconquista | Series of campaigns (8th–1492) in which Christian kingdoms retook Iberian territory from Muslim rule; Significant because it unified Spain and enabled later imperial expansion |
| Reasons for Exploration | Motivations such as access to Asian trade |
| Canary Islands / Madeira / Azores | Atlantic islands explored and settled by Iberian powers for navigation |
| Christopher Columbus | Navigator who reached the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking a westward route to Asia; Significant because he initiated sustained European–American contact |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 agreement dividing new territories between Spain and Portugal along a set demarcation line; Significant because it shaped early colonial boundaries and rivalries |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea in 1498 via the Cape of Good Hope; Significant because he established Europe’s direct maritime route to Indian Ocean trade |
| 16th Century Maps | Cartographic works incorporating new geographic data from global voyages; Significant because they transformed European understanding of world geography |
| Conquest of the Americas | Spanish campaigns that defeated the Aztec and Inca empires in the 16th century; Significant because they enabled European imperial dominance and reshaped populations and economies |
| Printing Press | Mid-15th-century movable-type technology enabling mass text production; Significant because it accelerated the spread of religious and scientific ideas |
| Renaissance Humanism | Intellectual movement emphasizing classical learning |
| Indulgences | Documents granting remission of temporal punishment for sins |
| Martin Luther | German theologian who rejected indulgence sales and promoted justification by faith; Significant because he initiated major religious fragmentation in Europe |
| 95 Theses | 1517 propositions criticizing indulgences; Significant because they sparked the debates that launched the Reformation |
| Diet of Worms | 1521 imperial assembly where Luther refused to recant; Significant because it formalized his break with Church authorities |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555 settlement allowing rulers to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territories; Significant because it institutionalized religious division within the Holy Roman Empire |
| Reformed Church (Calvinism) | Protestant branch emphasizing predestination |
| Council of Trent | Catholic council (1545–1563) clarifying doctrine and enacting reforms; Significant because it strengthened the Counter-Reformation |
| Wars of Religion | 16th–17th-century conflicts tied to Catholic–Protestant divisions; Significant because they altered political power and promoted state centralization |
| Witch Hunts | Early modern prosecutions for alleged witchcraft (c |
| 1450–1700); Significant because they reflect the era’s legal | social |
| Little Ice Age | Period of cooler temperatures from the 14th to 19th centuries; Significant because it contributed to food shortages and social instability |
| Mercantilism | Economic doctrine stressing state control of trade and accumulation of wealth; Significant because it guided colonial economic policy |
| Charter Company | State-authorized trading corporation with monopoly rights and governance powers; Significant because it enabled overseas expansion and commercial empire building |
| Transatlantic Slave Trade | Forced transport of Africans to the Americas (15th–19th centuries); Significant because it reshaped demographic and economic systems across continents |
| 17th Century Military Innovations | Advances such as musket volley fire |
| Defenestration of Prague | 1618 act of throwing imperial officials out a window; Significant because it triggered the Thirty Years’ War |
| Thirty Years’ War | 1618–1648 conflict beginning as a religious dispute and widening into a political struggle; Significant because it devastated Central Europe and reshaped continental politics |
| Peace of Westphalia | 1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War; Significant because they established state sovereignty as a basis for European diplomacy |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model in 1543; Significant because he initiated major shifts in scientific cosmology |
| Scientific Revolution | 16th–17th-century transformation of natural philosophy through observation and mathematics; Significant because it laid foundations for modern science |
| Thomas Hobbes | Political theorist who argued for strong sovereign authority in Leviathan; Significant because he shaped early modern political theory about the state |
| Scientific Instruments | Tools such as telescopes |
| Isaac Newton | Physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation; Significant because he unified physical theory into a coherent system |
| Natural Laws | Universal principles governing nature |
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