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Bio101 Final BRIEF

Easy review guide for meiosis, DNA rep, and central dogma

TermDefinition
Somatic cells non gametes, most cells of an organism that are not used to pass on genetic material to offspring
Gametes cells used to pass on genetic material during sexual reproduction
Zygote egg and sperm/gametes fuse
Chromatin DNA plus histones
Euchromatin de-condensed chromatin
Heterochromatin condensed chromatin
Semi-conservative replication template DNA strands both serve to form new strands of DNA during DNA replication
Anti-parallel new daughter strands are oriented in the opposite directions from parental strands (if parental is 3’ -> 5’, daughter is 5’ -> 3’)
Replication origins where DNA is separated and replication begins
Helicase enzyme that untwists or separates DNA
Single-stranded binding proteins proteins that bind to separated DNA strands to prevent them from getting back together
Topoisomerase stabilizes double stranded DNA on either side of replication origin
Replication forks areas on either side of replication origins where DNA is still double stranded
DNA polymerase enzyme that adds new nucleotides to daughter strand
Primase enzyme that adds RNA primers to begin daughter strand synthesis
Leading strand DNA strand that is synthesized continuously Daughter strand that is going from 5' to 3'
Lagging strand DNA strand that is synthesized in fragments (Okazaki fragments) Still going 5' to 3' but looks like it is going in the "opposite" direction
DNA ligase fuses Okazaki fragments at the end of DNA replication
DNA polymerase I Removes RNA primers at the end of DNA replication
Mismatch mistakes in DNA sequences during replication
Nucleases enzymes that remove DNA mismatches
Mutagens environmental factors that damage DNA
Point mutation One mutated nucleotide
Nucleotide excision repair removes thymine dimers caused by UV damage
Transcription DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA
Translation mRNA is used to synthesize protein
RNA polymerase Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from DNA
Promoter Region of DNA at beginning of gene where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind, includes TATA box
Transcription factors Proteins that assist in mRNA synthesis
Template strand Used to synthesize mRNA
Coding strand NOT used to synthesize mRNA
Terminator End of gene, signals end of transcription
Polyadenylation signal in terminator region, signal AAUAAA
Splicing removing introns and remaining exons are spliced together
Codon mRNA nucleotide triplicates that code for a specific AA
Start codon AUG methionine
Stop codon UAA, UGA, UAG for stopping
rRNA with proteins, make up ribosomes for translation
tRNA amino acid binding, anticodon recognizes mRNA codon
Silent mutations mutations in DNA that don't affect protein structure
Missense mutaitons mutations in DNA that change the AA sequence
Nonsense mutations DNA mutations that encode for premature stop in protein
Introns Non-coding regions that are removed from pre-mRNA during splicing
Exons Coding regions that are joined to form mature mRNA, which is then translated into protein.
 

 



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