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Bio 130 "Midterm 4"
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| trophic cascades | indirect effects two or three links away |
| keystone species | species that if taken out of an environment will change and disrupt the entire environment |
| order of tree (from bottom to top) | primary producers (plants) primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers (apex predators) |
| ____ down vs _____ up regulations | top down vs bottom up |
| symbiotic relationships: consumption | (+/-) one species benefits and the other is harmed ex: parasitism, predation |
| symbiotic relationships: mutualism | (+/+) both species benefit ex: shrimp and goby fish |
| symbiotic relationships: commensalism | (+/0) one species benefits at no cost to the other ex: barnacles riding on whales |
| symbiotic relationships: competition | (-/-) both species are harmed ex: lion and hyena fighting over same food |
| symbiotic relationships: consumption more predator --> ___ prey more parasite --> ____ host | more predator --> less prey more parasite --> less host |
| symbiotic relationships: mutualism more of one - less of one - | more of one - more of the other less of one - less of the other |
| symbiotic relationships: commensalism more of host - more of consumer - | more of host - more consumer more of consumer - doesn't matter to host |
| symbiotic relationships competition more of one - less of one - | more of one - less of the other less of one - more of the other |
| symmetric competition | compete equally both will persist in the environment (but as decreased numbers than they would if competitor were absent) |
| asymmetric competition | weaker one gets competed out environment/niche changes from fundamental niche to realized niche |
| fundamental niche realized niche | fundamental niche - where they can live realized niche - where they actually live (got out-competed) |
| character displacement | evolutionary changes that allow species to exploit different resources |
| niche partitioning | long-term evolutionary process where closely related species that compete start to diversify/differ so they can fit into different niches |
| bastesian mimicry | a harmless species mimics a deadly/poisonous one ex: non-venomous snakes look like venomous ones so predators won't hurt them |
| mullerin mimicry | both species are harmful ex: different species of all venomous moths all look similar |
| examples of prey protection | injecting poison into predator strength in numbers - schools of fish porcupine spike defense |
| constitutive defense | characteristics there regardless of presence of predator ex: camouflage, escape behavior, weaponry, schooling |
| inducible defenses | only exposed when predator is present ex:immune response, stress proteins, plant chemical defenses |
| predator and prey "evolutionary arms race" | as prey evolves, predator evolves |
| mutualism - goes from independent to _____ on each other | interdependent |
| proximate cause | mechanistic explanation HOW |
| ultimate cause | evolutionary explanation WHY |
| behaviors vary in where it comes from | INATE (genetics) vs LEARNED (experiences) |
| behaviors vary in how much it can change | FIXED (rigid) vs FLEXIBLE (adaptive) |
| fixed action pattern (FAP) | all members of a species perform it the same, performed to competition even without appropriate feedback ex: goose rolling neck to get egg |
| releasers | stimulus that trigger FAP ex: red coloring - fish attacking other fish |
| learned populations can be spread through populations and impacted by natural selection so long as _____ are met | postulates |
| flexible/learned behaviors often involved ____ | CHOICE fitness trade offs, where to spend energy, cost-benefit analysis |
| direct fitness | a measure of your own reproduction |
| indirect fitness | a measure of your own reproduction that comes form the reproductive success of your kin |
| kin selection | more willing to sacrifice to those who are more closely related to you |
| r | coefficient of relatedness |
| AND OR | AND x/divide OR +/- |
| Hamilton's rule | Br - C > 0 B - benefit to recipient r - coefficient of relatedness C - cost to actor |
| altruism | an animal helps another animal at a cost to itself ex: ground squirrels trilling to warn others of predator |
| reciprocal altruism | help individuals who are likely to help them in return in the future, who have helped them in the past ex: bats regurgitating blood to each other |
| the sun gives us energy which also gives organisms ____ (energy to stay alive) and ______ (energy to grow/reproduce) | maintenance and biomass |
| each time you go up a food web level you lose | 90% of energy, meaning you only get 10% of their energy |
| energy ________ as it flows through an ecosystem | dissipates |
| nutrients _____ as they flow through ecosystems | cycle |
| pools/reservoirs | where a nutrient is stored |
| fluxes/processes | how a nutrient moves from one pool to another |
| a triple bond NN is _____ energy | low energy (bond close together, stable) |
| pools of carbon cycle | atmosphere ocean plants/algae animals/organisms fossil fuels/oils/coals/gas rocks/solids |
| carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean | diffusion/exchange constantly being leveled off, switching back and forth |
| carbon between atmosphere and plants | CO2 from atmosphere goes into plants via PHOTOSYNTHESIS CO2 from plants is cut down/destroyed/burned and goes into atmosphere - LAND USE CHANGE |
| carbon between animals/organisms/plants and atmosphere | animals and plants release CO2 into the atmosphere via CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
| carbon between fossil fuels/oil/gas/coal and atmosphere | BURNING FUELS releases carbon into the atmosphere |
| carbon between fuels + rocks/solids and atmosphere | LONG-TERM RELEASE OF ROCKS/FUELS VIA VOLCANOS releases carbon into the atmosphere |
| carbon between rocks/solids and the ocean | ROCK WEATHERING releases carbon into the ocean |
| plants, animals, and fuels all ______ (long-term) and thus release carbon into _____ | plants, animals, and fuels all DECAY (long-term) and thus release carbon into ROCKS/SOLIDS |
Created by:
anyasalmon