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History finals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Common Wealth System | State economic policies in the early 1800s that supported private businesses through charters, subsidies, and legal privileges to encourage growth. |
| The Missouri Compromise | 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of the 36°30′ line. |
| War of 1812 | Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade issues and impressment; increased nationalism and manufacturing. |
| The Industrial Revolution | Period of rapid industrial growth marked by factories, machines, and urbanization in the 1800s. |
| Underground Railroad | Secret network that helped enslaved people escape to free states or Canada. |
| Oregon Trail | Major 19th-century migration route used by settlers moving west to Oregon Territory. |
| Waltham’s power looms | Early mechanized looms in Massachusetts factories that revolutionized textile production. |
| Seneca Falls Conference | 1848 meeting launching the U.S. women’s rights movement; issued the Declaration of Sentiments. |
| Abolitionism | Movement demanding the immediate end of slavery. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Agreement that ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South. |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand west across the continent. |
| John Tyler | 10th U.S. president known for annexing Texas and clashing with the Whig Party. |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln’s 1863 speech redefining the Civil War as a fight for freedom and national unity. |
| Margaret Fuller | Transcendentalist writer and early feminist; author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century. |
| Force Bill | 1833 law giving Andrew Jackson power to use the military to enforce federal tariffs in South Carolina. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Law requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned, even from free states; angered the North. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Radical abolitionist who published The Liberator and demanded immediate emancipation. |
| Wilmot Proviso | 1846 proposal to ban slavery in all territory gained from the Mexican-American War. |
| Radical Republicans | Congressional faction that sought harsh Reconstruction policies and full rights for freed slaves. |
| Frederick Douglass | Former enslaved man, leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker. |
| Dred Scott | Enslaved man whose 1857 Supreme Court case ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn’t limit slavery. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854 law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska; repealed Missouri Compromise. |
| Turner’s Rebellion | 1831 Virginia slave uprising led by Nat Turner; resulted in harsher slave codes. |
| Vicksburg | 1863 Civil War battle giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Law forcing Native tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi, leading to the Trail of Tears. |
| Texas Revolution | Conflict in which Texans fought for independence from Mexico (1835–1836). |
| Fort Sumter | Federal fort where the Civil War began when Confederates fired on it in 1861. |
| The American System | Henry Clay’s economic plan: national bank, tariffs, internal improvements. |
| Transcendentalism | Philosophical movement emphasizing intuition, individualism, and nature. |
| Reconstruction | Post-Civil War period of rebuilding the South and integrating freed African Americans. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | 1863 order by Lincoln freeing enslaved people in Confederate territory. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist author of Civil Disobedience, advocating resistance to unjust laws. |
| Martin Van Buren | 8th U.S. president dealing with the Panic of 1837. |
| Black Codes | Southern laws restricting the freedom of African Americans after the Civil War. |
| Cotton gin | 1793 machine by Eli Whitney that greatly increased cotton production and expanded slavery. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | 1863 battle that was the Civil War’s turning point. |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820 agreement balancing slave and free states and dividing future territories at 36°30′. |
| Lewis Hayden | Former enslaved abolitionist leader and conductor on the Underground Railroad. |
| Andrew Jackson | 7th U.S. president known for Indian Removal, Bank War, and expanding presidential power. |
| Free Soil Party | Political party opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories. |
| Lowell, MA | Early industrial city using “Lowell Girls” in textile factories. |
| 54th Massachusetts | One of the first Black Union regiments, known for bravery at Fort Wagner. |
| Joseph Smith (Mormonism) | Founder of the LDS Church and author of the Book of Mormon. |
| Fourierism | Utopian movement promoting communal living and cooperative labor. |
| The Panic of 1837 | Major economic depression caused by banking instability and speculation. |
| “Bleeding Kansas” | Violent conflict between pro- and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas Territory. |
| Ordinance of Nullification | South Carolina’s 1832 claim that states could nullify federal laws. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Series of laws including California as a free state and the stricter Fugitive Slave Act. |
| Whig Party | Political party opposing Jackson, supporting Congress and economic development. |
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Crunchy Hero