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UCOR 3000 – FINAL EX
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Objectivism (Moral Objectivism) | Moral truths are objective: they do not depend on what individuals or cultures believe; some things are really right or wrong for everyone. |
| Cultural Relativism | Moral truth is relative to a culture's traditions and practices. "Right" means "approved by my culture." |
| Subjective Relativism | Moral truth is relative to the individual. An action is right for someone if they personally approve of it. |
| Divine Command Theory (DCT) | An action is right because God commands it and wrong because God forbids it. God's will is the foundation of morality. |
| Natural Law Theory (NLT) | Morality is grounded in human nature and our God-given function. An action is right if it contributes to human flourishing, wrong if it doesn't; God created our nature, so morality still depends on God. |
| Traditional View of Hell | Eternal, conscious, inescapable punishment for the wicked after death. |
| Universalism (afterlife) | The view that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled to God. |
| Annihilationism | The view that the unsaved are ultimately destroyed or cease to exist, instead of suffering eternally. |
| Exclusivism (salvation) | One religion is fully true, but people outside it may still be saved through God's grace, even if they don't explicitly know its doctrines. |
| Pluralism | Many major religions are genuine paths to the same ultimate reality; no single tradition has exclusive access. |
| Peer Disagreement | Disagreement between two people who are roughly equal in intelligence, reasoning ability, and access to evidence. |
| Intra-Religious Disagreement | Disagreement within the same religion (e.g., Christians disagreeing with each other). |
| Extra-Religious Disagreement | Disagreement between religious and non-religious people (e.g., theists vs atheists vs agnostics). |
| Soul | The nonphysical part of a person that has conscious mental states (sensations, thoughts, desires, intentions). |
| Substance Dualism | The view that mind and body are two distinct substances: a physical body/brain and a nonphysical mind/soul. |
| Physicalism (Materialism) | The view that human persons are entirely physical; there is no nonphysical soul. |
| Functionalism | The view that mental states are defined by their functional role (how they take inputs and produce outputs), not by what they're made of. |
| Mind-Body Identity Theory | The view that mental states are identical to brain states, like "pain = C-fiber firing." |
| What are the four problems with subjective relativism? | 1. Individual moral infallibility — no one can ever be wrong. 2. Eliminates real moral disagreement — just reports of feelings. |
| What are the four problems with subjective relativism? | 3. Moral equivalence — all moral views become equally "right." 4. Gets morality wrong — morality is shared, not private preference. |
| What are the five problems with cultural relativism? | 1. Cultural infallibility — cultures cannot be wrong. 2. Cannot criticize other cultures — even atrocities. 3. Moral reformers become immoral — MLK Jr. automatically wrong. |
| What are the five problems with cultural relativism? | 4. No moral progress — only change, not improvement. 5. Collapses into subjective relativism due to overlapping cultures. |
| What are the problems with each horn of the Euthyphro Dilemma? | Horn 1: Right = whatever God commands → arbitrary morality + "God is good" becomes empty. Horn 2: God commands what is independently right → morality is independent of God, limiting His sovereignty. |
| What is the main objection to DCT? | 1. Arbitrariness: God could make anything right by commanding it. 2. Triviality: "God is good" means nothing except "God obeys Himself." |
| What are the three objections to DCT raised by Boyd and VanArragon? | 1. Arbitrariness — morality becomes based only on God's will. 2. Triviality of goodness — "God is good" collapses into a tautology. 3. Content problem — disagreements about God's commands cannot be resolved by DCT. |
| Why is Natural Law Morality not subject to these three problems? | 1. Morality grounded in human nature and flourishing, not sheer will. 2. God created human nature, so morality still depends on God. 3. Moral truths are partly accessible by reason, reducing arbitrariness and disagreement. |
| What is MLK's view of just/unjust laws and why is protest justified? | 1. Just laws: Uplift personality; align with moral/divine law. 2. Unjust laws: Degrade personality; used by majorities to oppress minorities. |
| What is MLK's view of just/unjust laws and why is protest justified? | 3. Protest is necessary: Creates tension that exposes ignored injustice. 4. Breaking unjust laws is moral: We must follow higher moral law over unjust human law. |
| Why does Craig think hell is compatible with love and required by justice? | 1. Love: God respects free will; hell is self-chosen separation. 2. Justice: Rejecting an infinitely good God is a grave offense deserving eternal punishment. |
| Why does Ware think traditional hell is incompatible with a loving God? | 1. God's love is ongoing and active, yet hell is endless abandonment. 2. Eternal torment contradicts God's commitment to redeem His creatures. |
| What tensions issues does Ware identify? | Tension 1. Love → universal salvation 2. Freedom → possibility of eternal rejection→ So we can only hope for universal salvation. |
| What punishment issues does Ware identify? | Three purposes of punishment & why hell fails Retribution: Infinite punishment disproportionate. Deterrence: Smaller punishments could deter; hell is ineffective. Reform: Eternal punishment can't reform anyone. |
| Why doesn't lex talionis justify eternal hell? | 1. Humans cannot inflict infinite harm on God. 2. Humans cannot inflict infinite harm on others.→ Therefore, infinite punishment is not proportional. |
| What are Hick's two arguments for pluralism and Benton's objection? | Hick: Spiritual transformation: All major religions morally transform people. Arrogance/disagreement: Deep disagreement makes exclusivism unreasonable. Benton's Objection: Religions make contradictory factual claims, so they cannot all be true. |
| What are conciliationism, steadfastness, and the debunking argument? | 1. Conciliationism: Reduce confidence when a peer disagrees. 2. Steadfastness: You may keep your belief if your evidence is strong. 3. Debunking: Religion tracks geography/upbringing, not truth, lowering confidence in truth-tracking. |
| What is substance dualism's central argument and main objection? | Argument: Mental states have properties physical states lack → Leibniz's Law → mind is nonphysical. Objection: Causal interaction problem — unclear how a nonphysical soul interacts with a physical body. |
| What are the two arguments for materialism? | 1. Evolutionary: Animals have minds without souls → humans likely physical. 2. Neuroscience/simplicity: Brain explains mental phenomena → soul unnecessary. |
| What are two problems for mind-brain identity theory? | 1. Multiple realization: Aliens/AI could feel pain without C-fibers. 2. Qualia problem: Brain states don't explain subjective experience. |
| What is functionalism and why does the Chinese Room challenge it? | Functionalism: Mental states = functional roles (input → processing → output). Chinese Room: Shows functional processing without understanding, so function alone may not equal consciousness. |
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