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sociolog final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ is the world's largest independent emergency medical aid organization | Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) |
| The Universal Declaration of Human Rights set a single standard for acceptable behavior around the world, but in practice, what is an issue? | interpretation |
| What nations are fully compliant with the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act? | Australia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Namibia, Philippines, Spain, UK, US |
| The U.S. Human Trafficking Report has three tiers. What is a tier 3 country? | Non-compliant, no effort |
| What are remittances | the monies that immigrants return to their families of origin |
| What are maquiladoras? | foreign owned factories, often located just across the border in Mexico, that are allowed to import parts and materials without tariffs |
| Since Mexican men are still typically viewed as heads of the household, what has been difficult for Mexican women? | Obtaining credit and technical assistance in many parts of Mexico, and unable to inherit land in rural areas. |
| After being denied the opportunity to run for mayor in her hometown in 2007, why did Eufrosina Cruz organize QUIEGO? | Raise awareness about political rights for women in her home state and throughout Mexico |
| Mexico is considered a ______ nation. | semiperiphery |
| What is the major reason why Mexicans risk their lives crossing the desert to get to the United States? | work/better opportunities? |
| What is the Millennium Declaration (2000)? | “Spare no effort to free our fellow men, women, and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty”. Goal of reducing poverty by half |
| According to anthropologist Karuna Chanana Ahmed, who are the MOST exploited among oppressed people in developing countries? | women |
| Between South Africa, U.S., Japan, and Poland, which nation has the highest level of income inequality? | South africa |
| Why do critics of modernization contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries? | cheap labor |
| According to the modernization approach, how can multinational corporations actually help developing nations? | creating jobs, transferring technology |
| What is true about multinational corporations and their total revenues? | equivalent to the total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations. |
| In the weeks immediately following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the far-reaching economic repercussions began to affect businesses and workers worldwide. This phenomenon can BEST be explained by | globalization |
| Define dependency theory. | Less developed nations become subservient to wealthy industrial nations, which in turn use their economic and political might to maintain power. |
| Due to the power core nations wield, it becomes difficult for nations on the periphery and semiperiphery to establish what? | their own economic and political autonomy |
| What are examples of semiperiphery nations? | china, india, Ireland, mexico, pakistan, panama |
| On average, how many more hours of unpaid housework and childcare do women perform per day than men? | 2 |
| What is true about women in U.S. politics, specifically regarding governors and the Supreme Court? | women have made slow progress into representation in these fields. |
| Describe the average distribution of housework between men and women | women do majority of the work |
| What accounts for the wage gaps between men and women in the same occupation? | education, age, concentration, they still all get paid less |
| Define the term "glass ceiling". | The invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of qualified individuals in a work environment because of the individual’s race, gender, or ethnicity. |
| A gym buys uniforms for its employees. All of the uniforms are in a men's large size, and the gym hires only people who will comfortably fit into the uniforms. As a result of this policy, the gym does not hire any women. This would be an example of | Institutional discrimination |
| Drawing on the functionalist perspective, what did Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales maintain about families? | Families need both an instrumental and expressive leader to function properly |
| Define the term instrumental leader as used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales. | the person in the family who bears responsibility for the completion of tasks, focuses on distant goals, and manages the external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions |
| What nation has the lowest percentage of birth control usage among women aged 15-49 who are in a marriage or other union? | India? Chad? |
| Are men or women more likely to identify as homosexual? Are men or women more like to identify as bisexual? | men – homosexual women - bisexual |
| What is the trend of teen birthrates in the U.S.? | Record lows |
| Does having a same-sex experience always results in a same-sex identity? | no |
| The Thomas theorem suggests that, in sociological terms, our sexual identity is shaped by our what? | interactions with others |
| Which view of sexual orientation is likely to become prevalent as alternative expressions of sexuality become more accepted? Will sexual orientation decline or increase as a master status? | increase |
| Systems of ________________ is connected to differences in sexuality. | power? |
| Heteronormativity is considered a form of ___________ | ethnocentrism |
| In a 1957 survey, the vast majority of people believed that what anyone who chose to remain single was? | sick, neurotic, or immoral |
| Sociologists refer to the cultural presupposition that sexual relationships should exist between a man and a woman and that alternate sexualities are deviant, abnormal, or wrong, as ___________________. | heteronormativity |
| What term describes those who appear to be one sex but identify with the gender of another? | Transgender |
| What is true about a classification system that identifies sexual orientation in clear-cut terms? Does it accurately reflect people’s experiences? | no |
| Which U.S. president signed an Executive Order severely restricting immigration from seven predominantly Muslim nations? | Trump |
| Describe the process of qualifying for amnesty or asylum if one is seeking refuge in the United States. | Lengthy, significant legal maneuvering |
| Approximately what percentage of the world's immigrants reside in the United States? | 15-20% |
| According to a national survey, ______ of Whites now believe that anti-White discrimination is at least as common as discrimination against Blacks and other minority groups | 50% |
| The single most unifying force among Arabs is what? | Arabic language |
| How can the belief that Asian Americans are a model minority group be harmful? | “minimizes the degree of difference that exists within the Asian American category |
| In 1896 the Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld _______ as constitutional. | segregation / “separate but equal” |
| Is pluralism in the United States considered more of an ideal than a reality | reality |
| The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as | apartheid |
| Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the United States, insists that everyone call him "Joe" and he refuses to speak Russian, even in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of ________________. | assimilation |
| What equation represents amalgamation? | A + B + C -> D |
| Provide examples of expulsion. | isolation of groups into internment camps (WWII) |
| What is genocide? | The systematic killing of an entire group of people or nation |
| What is the contact hypothesis? | The theory that interaction with people unlike ourselves decreases negative attitudes we may have about them |
| Define affirmative action. | Positive efforts to recruit minority group members including women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities |
| What are forms of institutional discrimination? | racial and ethnic income inequality - systematic denial of rights and opp. To marginalized groups as part of societys normal operations |
| Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Congress passed a law that said that all airport screeners must be U.S. citizens. A significant percentage of this group was made up of legal residents who were not citizens. | institutional discrimination |
| The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as ______________________. | Racial profiling |
| What victim statuses may motivate a hate crime? | Religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation |
| Provide examples of discrimination. | institutional discrimination - racism - racial profiling Hate crimes |
| What treatments are used by practitioners of holistic medicine in the United States? | Massage, chiropractic medicine, acupuncture, respiratory exercises, and the use of herbs |
| The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act required what of most Americans? | To have health insurance |
| Define Medicare. | Insurance primarily for those 65 and older. Funded by payroll tax. |
| The founding of the American Medical Association in 1848 to standardize education and licensing of doctors was the beginning of the what? | professionalization of American medicine |
| Are women or men more likely to seek medical treatment? | women |
| Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to ________________. | Latino folk medicine, a form of holistic health care and healing |
| What did presidential candidate Donald Trump and Republican congressional candidates pledge to repeal and replace in 2016? | Obamacare |
| Define prevalence. | The total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time |
| Social epidemiologists study how what factors affect health? | Social factors |
| Policy makers were particularly slow to respond to ______ in the United States because those in high-risk groups were comparatively powerless and were labeled as such. | the aids crisis |
| The people of which nation are least convinced that climate change represents a "major threat" to their country? | Russia |
| What do American opponents of the Kyoto Protocol argue? | place the nation at a disadvantage in the global marketplace |
| What was the Kyoto Protocol intended to do? | to provide a unified response to reducing global emissions of greenhouse gasses |
| Scientific evidence for global climate change is what? | global warming, rise in the earth’s surface temperatures, carbon dioxide emissions |
| What threatens the quality of water supplies on a daily basis for more than 2 billion people | feces-contaminated water |
| What is true about the efforts to curb air pollution during the 1984 and 2008 Summer Olympics? | carpool and stagger their work hours to relieve traffic congestion and improve air quality. 2008, construction work ceased, factories and powerplants shut down, workers swept roads and sprayed them with water multiple times a day |
| Based on a 2016 public opinion poll, _______ percent of Americans think that global climate change is due to human activity. | 65 |
| In general, which groups of people are MOST likely to be victims of the everyday consequences of economic development? | Poor people and people of color |
| What are possible explanations for the finding that racial and ethnic minorities make up a large percentage of the people living near dangerous sites? | Less political power, and settling near the sites after they are constructed because economics and forces of discrimination |
| The fight against a hazardous waste landfall in Warren County, North Carolina, is an example of the concept of ______ at work. | environmental justice |
| What does sociology teach us? | Helps us better see the ways we are interconnected by highlighting the significance of the system, as well as raising awareness about the inequalities that are a consequence of the global system we have constructed. Respond properly |
| Recognizing the impact our individual position has on who we are and how we think and act, and taking responsibility for the impacts our actions have on others is known as ______________ sociology | personal sociology |
| As of 2018, approximately what percentage of the world's population has access to the Internet? | 51.2% |
| What made it possible to successfully organize and carry out the coordinated March for Our Lives events within weeks of the Parkland school shootings? | Emotions? |
| Max Weber laid the foundation for the resource mobilization model with his work on social power. What resources shaped relative social power within society? | class, status, and party |
| What elements must be present before discontent will be channeled into a social movement? | People must feel they have a right to their goals. And they deserve better than what they have |
| Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities? | Relative deprivation |
| Which term refers to groups of individuals and organizations collectively committed to bringing about, or resisting, fundamental social change in a systematic way? | social movements |
| Give examples of modern society's efforts to measure success quantitatively. | Education reforms, |
| Describe the Luddites | Rebellious craftworkers in 19th-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the Industrial Revolution |
| How do the vast majority of Americans feel about cloning a human? | bad, morally wrong |
| What action, taken by Scottish scientists in 1997, reignited the debate on genetic engineering | cloning a sheep |
| What are concerns that sociologists have about surveillance and censorship? | Prevent terrorism |
| What dramatic shifts have we witnessed as a result of human agency? | Industrial revolution, digital revolution, environmental transformations |
| What is the term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change? | Vested interests |
| Sociologist Anthony Oberschall argued that to sustain social protest or resistance, there must be what? | continuity of leadership and an organizational base |
| Our mental and symbolic representations of reality reference __________________ culture. | non-material |
| Sociologist James Jasper highlights three categories of moral emotions. What are those categories? | Pride, compassion, justice |
| Gustave Le Bon's theory of crowd psychology seemed logical, in part, because of the era in which it was proposed. What was happening during this time? | rapid urbanization, industrialization, and the rise of mass political movements |
| If we only expose ourselves, through social media or other interaction, to like-minded people, what may happen? | inclusion |
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