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Chapters 7–13

QuestionAnswer
What are hormones? Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
Difference between endocrine vs. nervous system signaling? Endocrine is slower and long-lasting; nervous is fast and short-acting.
Negative feedback example in the endocrine system. High blood glucose → pancreas releases insulin → blood glucose decreases → insulin release stops.
Functions of the blood. Transportation (O₂, nutrients), regulation (temperature, pH), and protection (immune defense, clotting).
Hemoglobin’s main role Binds and transports oxygen in red blood cells.
Cardiac muscle unique features Branched cells, intercalated discs, automaticity, and acts as a functional syncytium.
What determines heart rate? SA node (pacemaker) generates electrical impulses and autonomic nervous system adjusts rate.
Path of blood through the heart (start to finish) RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → aorta/body → back to RA.
Systole vs. Diastole Systole: heart contracts to pump blood Diastole: heart relaxes and fills with blood
Purpose of blood pressure Ensures blood flow to organs. Created by ventricular contraction and vessel resistance.
External respiration vs. internal respiration External: Gas exchange in lungs (alveoli ↔ blood) Internal: Gas exchange in tissues (blood ↔ cells)
Why is hemoglobin critical for CO₂ transport? It carries some CO₂ and helps buffer blood pH using bicarbonate conversion.
Kidney’s main role in homeostasis Filters blood to remove wastes, regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid–base balance.
Nephron function (3 key processes) Filtration, reabsorption, secretion → urine formation.
Digestive system primary goal Break down food into nutrients for absorption and convert the rest into waste.
Created by: user-1992540
 

 



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