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Marine Science Final
My Exam is Tomorrow Help
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrosphere | The combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of the Earth |
| Lithosphere | The rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle |
| Asthenosphere | The semi-fluid layer of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere, allowing for tectonic movement |
| Core | The innermost layer of the Earth, consisting of a liquid outer core and a solid inner core |
| Crust | The outermost layer of the Earth, divided into the continental crust and oceanic crust |
| Oceanography | Scientific study of all aspects of the marine enviroment |
| Pacific Ocean | The largest and deepest ocean, covering more than 63 million square miles |
| Atlantic Ocean | The second-largest ocean, known for its role in early exploration and transatlantic trade |
| Indian Ocean | The third-largest ocean, bordered by Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Indian subcontinent |
| Arctic Ocean | The smallest and shallowest of the four oceans, mostly covered in sea ice |
| Southern Ocean | the meeting of currents near Antarctica called the Antarctic Convergence and surrounds the continent of Antarctica |
| Phoenicians | first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts |
| Eratosthenes | determined Earth’s circumference fairly accurately |
| Herodotus | produced inaccurate world map around 450 B.C |
| Claudius Ptolemy | produced fairly accurate world map around 150 A.D |
| Plate Tectonics | The theory that Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several large, rigid plates that move and interact at their boundaries |
| Divergent Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates move apart, leading to the formation of new oceanic crust (e.g., mid-ocean ridges) |
| Convergent Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates move towards each other, causing subduction or continental collision |
| Transform Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally, leading to strike-slip faults |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | An underwater mountain range formed by divergent plate boundaries and seafloor spreading |
| Trench | A deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor created by subduction of one plate beneath another |
| Seafloor Spreading | The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and older crust is pushed away |
| Subduction Zone | A region where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, leading to the formation of deep ocean trenches and volcanic arcs |
| Volcanic Arc | A chain of volcanoes formed above a subduction zone |
| Divergent Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates move apart, creating new crust |
| Convergent Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates move towards each other, leading to subduction or continental collision |
| Transform Boundaries | Plate boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally |
| Continental Margin | The transition between the continental crust and the oceanic crust, including the continental shelf, slope, and rise |
| Continental Shelf | The shallow, submerged portion of a continent extending from the shore to the continental slope |
| Continental Slope | The steep slope between the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor |
| Continental Rise | The gently sloping area at the base of the continental slope |
| Deep-Ocean Basins | The large, deep regions of the ocean floor, including abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridges, and ocean trenches |
| Abyssal Plain | A flat, deep-sea floor area found at depths of 3,000 to 6,000 meters |
| Deep-Ocean Trench | A deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor formed by the subduction of one tectonic plate beneath another |
| Marine Sediments | Particles of organic and inorganic material that accumulate on the ocean floor. |
| Sediment Types | Includes terrigenous (land-derived), biogenous (biological origin), hydrogenous (precipitated from seawater), and cosmogenous (from outer space) sediments |
| Lithogenous Sediments | Sediments derived from the erosion of land rocks and transported to the ocean |
| Biogenous Sediments | Sediments formed from the accumulation of biological materials such as shells and skeletons |
| Hydrogenous Sediments | Sediments formed by the precipitation of minerals from seawater |
| Cosmogenous Sediments | Sediments derived from extraterrestrial sources such as meteorites |
| Sediment Transport | Processes including erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments |
| Suspension settling | sediments settle out of water and accumulate on ocean floor |
| Neritic Zone | from shore to 200 m depth. Lithogenous sediments derived from rocks on nearby landmasses |
| Turbidite deposits | graded bedding, deposited by turbidity currents |
| Glacial deposits | poorly sorted, found at high latitudes, many deposited at end of last ice age |
| Calcium carbonate | CaCO 3 |
| Silica | SiO 2 or SiO 2·nH 2O |
| Diatoms | Photosynthetic algae |
| Radiolarians | Protozoans– Use external food |
| Coccolithophores | Also called nannoplankton – Photosynthetic algae |
| Coccoliths | individual plates from dead organism |
| Foraminifera | Protozoans – Use external food – Calcareous ooze |
| Calcite compensation depth (CCD) | Depth where CaCO 3 readily dissolves |
| Calcareous Ooze | needs shallow, warm water to accumulate |
| siliceous ooze | needs cold, deep water to accumulate |
| Precipitation | the change from the dissolved to the solid state |
| Evaporites | Minerals that form when seawater evaporates |
| Neritic sediments | cover about ¼ of the sea floor |
| Pelagic sediments | cover about ¾ of the sea floor |
| Plane of the ecliptic | plane traced by Earth’s orbit around the Sun |
| Degree of Tilt of Earth's Axis | 23.5 degrees |
| Summer solstice | Sun directly overhead at Tropic of Cancer – 23.5 degrees north latitude |
| Winter solstice | Sun directly overhead at Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5 degrees south latitude |
| Declination | angular distance of Sun from equatorial plane |
| Arctic Circle | North of 66.5 degrees north latitude |
| Antarctic Circle | South of 66.5 degrees south latitude |
| Troposphere | lowest layer of atmosphere |
| Convection cell | rising and sinking air |
| Trade winds | From subtropical highs to equator |
| Cyclonic flow | Counterclockwise around a low in Northern Hemisphere Clockwise around a low in Southern Hemisphere |
| Anticyclonic flow | Clockwise around a high in Northern Hemisphere Counterclockwise around a high in Southern Hemisphere |
| Sea Breeze | occurs during the day when cool air blows on to land from the ocean |
| Land Breeze | occurs during the night when air from the land blows out toward the ocean |
| Equatorial | Rising air – Weak winds – Doldrums |
| Tropical | North and south of equatorial zone – Extend to Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn – Strong winds, little precipitation, rough seas |
| Subtropical | – High pressure, descending air – Weak winds, sluggish currents |
| Temperate | – Strong westerly winds – Severe storms common |
| Subpolar | – Extensive precipitation – Summer sea ice |
| Polar | – High pressure – Sea ice most of the year |
| Surface currents | – Wind-driven – Primarily horizontal motion |
| Deep currents | – Driven by differences in density caused by differences in temperature and salinity – Vertical and horizontal motions |
| Ekman transport | – Average movement of surface waters – 90 degrees to right in Northern Hemisphere – 90 degrees to left in Southern Hemisphere |
| Western boundary currents | Currents that are: – Faster – Narrower – Deeper – Warmer |
| Eastern Boundary Currents | Currents that are: – Cold – Slow – Shallow – Wide |
| Equatorial upwelling | Divergence of currents at equator generates upwelling and high productivity |
| La Nina | Australia - Hot United States - Cold |
| Tsunami | special fast, long waves generated by seismic events |
| Disturbing force | causes waves to form |
| Internal waves | Water – water interface |
| Atmospheric waves | Air – air interface |
| Ocean waves | Air – ocean interface |
| Longitudinal Waves | -Also called push-pull waves - Compress and decompress as they travel, like a coiled spring - Energy transmitted through solids, liquids, or gases via longitudinal particle movement |
| Transverse Waves | • Also called side-to-side waves • Energy travels at right angles to direction of moving particles. • Generally only transmit through solids, not liquids |
| Orbital Waves | • Also called interface waves • Waves on ocean surface |
| Wave steepness | = H/L – If wave steepness > 1/ 7, wave breaks |
| Wave period | = time for one wavelength to pass fixed point |
| Wave frequency | = inverse of period or 1/T |
| celerity | wave speed of deep water waves |
| deep water wave | If water depth is greater than wave base ( > ½L ), wave is a |
| Shallow-Water Waves | Water depth (d) is less than 1/20 L – Water “feels” seafloor |
| Capillary Waves | – Wind generates stress on sea surface – V-shaped troughs – Wavelengths less than 1.74 cm (0.7 in) |
| Gravity Waves | – Increasing wave energy – Pointed crests, rounded troughs – Wavelengths greater than 1.74 cm |
| Fetch | distance over which wind blows |
| Wave train | a group of waves with similar characteristics |
| Wave dispersion | sorting of waves by wavelengths |
| Decay distance | distance over which waves change from choppy sea to uniform swell |
| Constructive interference | In-phase wave trains with about the same wavelengths |
| Destructive interference | Out-of-phase wave trains with about the same wavelengths |
| Mixed interference | Two swells with different wavelengths and different wave heights Wave Interference Patterns |
| Surf zone | zone of breaking waves near shore |
| Shoaling water | water becoming gradually more shallow |
| Spilling Breakers | • Gently sloping sea floor • Wave energy expended over longer distance • Water slides down front slope of wave |
| Plunging Breakers | • Moderately steep sea floor • Wave energy expended over shorter distance • Best for board surfers • Curling wave crest |
| Surging Breakers | • Steepest sea floor • Energy spread over shortest distance • Best for body surfing • Waves break on the shore |
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