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HIST EXAM 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renewed Isolationism | U.S. desire to avoid foreign entanglements after WWI. Driven by the Great Depression and disillusionment with WWI results. |
| Neutrality Acts | Laws meant to keep the U.S. out of war. Restricted arms sales, loans, and travel on belligerent ships |
| Cash and Carry | 1939 policy allowing nations at war to buy U.S. arms if they paid cash and transported them themselves. Favored the Allies. |
| Charles Lindbergh and America First | Leading spokesman for isolationism. America First Committee opposed U.S. entry into WWII. |
| London Blitz | German bombing campaign against Britain (1940–41). Increased U.S. sympathy for Allies. |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese surprise attack on U.S. naval base. Immediate cause of U.S. entry into WWII. |
| Big Three | Roosevelt (U.S.), Churchill (U.K.), Stalin (U.S.S.R.) Coordinated Allied strategy. |
| Allied Strategy in Europe | “Germany First” plan—defeat Hitler before focusing on Japan. |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of Normandy, France. Turning point opening Western front against Germany. |
| Island Hopping in Pacific | U.S. strategy in the Pacific. Capture strategic islands on the way to Japan. |
| Midway | Major naval battle. Turning point in Pacific; U.S. stopped Japanese expansion. |
| Atomic Bomb | Dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug. 1945). Led to Japan’s surrender. |
| Arsenal of Democracy | FDR’s term for U.S. industrial production supporting the Allies. |
| Rosie the Riveter | Symbol of women working industrial jobs during WWII |
| Tuskegee Airmen | First African American military pilots. Success helped promote desegregation of armed forces. |
| Potsdam Agreement | Divided Germany and Berlin. Heightened tensions between U.S. & USSR. |
| Truman vs. Stalin | Disagreements over Eastern Europe. Beginning of Cold War. |
| Iron Curtain | Churchill’s phrase describing division between communist East & democratic West. |
| Truman Doctrine (Containment) | U.S. policy to stop spread of communism. Aid to Greece & Turkey. |
| Marshall Plan | Massive U.S. economic aid to rebuild Western Europe. Prevented spread of communism. |
| Berlin Airlift | U.S. & allies flew supplies into West Berlin after Soviet blockade. U.S. victory. |
| NATO | Military alliance of U.S., Canada, and Western Europe. Collective security against USSR. |
| Korean War | North (communist) vs. South (U.S.-led UN). Ended in stalemate at 38th parallel. |
| HUAC | House Un-American Activities Committee. Investigated suspected communists in government & Hollywood. |
| Joe McCarthy | Senator leading anti-communist crusade. Known for false accusations (“McCarthyism”). |
| Eisenhower | President (1953–61), Cold War moderation, Interstate Highway System. |
| MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) | Nuclear doctrine: both sides would be destroyed in war. Prevented direct conflict. |
| Sputnik | First satellite launched by USSR. Started the Space Race. |
| U-2 Incident | Soviet shoot-down of U.S. spy plane. Increased Cold War tensions. |
| Causes of Economic Boom | High consumer demand. Government spending (military + GI Bill). Suburban and auto growth. |
| GI Bill of Rights | Benefits for WWII veterans (education, loans). |
| Baby Boom | Massive increase in births after WWII. |
| Suburban Ideal in Popular Culture | Levittowns, family life, conformity portrayed positively in media. |
| Jackie Robinson | Broke color barrier in Major League Baseball. |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | Supreme Court: desegregated schools. Ended “separate but equal.” |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Sparked by Rosa Parks. Major victory for Civil Rights Movement. |
| JFK | Young, charismatic president. “New Frontier” agenda. |
| Space Race | U.S. vs. USSR competition for space technology. Goal: reach the moon. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | U.S. vs. USSR confrontation over missiles in Cuba. Closest to nuclear war. |
| JFK Death | Assassinated in Dallas, TX. Shocked the nation |
| LBJ and the Great Society | Domestic programs for civil rights, healthcare, education. |
| War on Poverty | Programs like Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start. |
| MLK | Nonviolent civil rights leader. “I Have a Dream” (1963). |
| Malcolm X | Black nationalist; encouraged Black self-defense and pride. |
| Freedom Riders | Challenged segregated bus terminals in the South. |
| Civil Rights Acts | 1964: banned segregation & discrimination. 1965 Voting Rights Act: removed voting barriers. |
| 1968 Turning Point | RFK and MLK assassinations. Tet Offensive damage to public confidence. Social unrest. |
| Tet Offensive | Major Viet Cong attack. Showed U.S. was not close to winning Vietnam. |
| Democratic National Convention | Antiwar protests; chaos televised. |
| Assassinations | MLK (April 1968) RFK (June 1968) |
| Causes of Rebellion | Youth dissatisfaction, Vietnam War, Civil Rights limitations. |
| Counterculture | Hippies; “peace and love.” Experimentation with drugs, music, lifestyles. |
| Feminism (NOW) | National Organization for Women. Fought for equal rights (ERA), workplace equality. |
| AIM | Activism for native rights; occupation of Wounded Knee (1973). |
| UFW, Cesar Chavez | United Farm Workers. Led grape boycotts for migrant labor rights. |
| Stonewall | Gay rights uprising in NYC. Beginning of modern LGBTQ movement. |
| Pentagon Papers | Exposed government deception about Vietnam. Increased distrust of government. |
| Watergate | Nixon scandal → resignation. Abuse of power, cover-up of break-in. |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days. |
| Carter Malaise Speech | Address on national crisis and low morale. Seen as political failure. |
| 1980 Election | Ronald Reagan defeats Jimmy Carter. Rise of conservative movement. |
| Reaganomics | Supply-side economics. Tax cuts, deregulation, increased defense spending. |
| Cultural Conservatism | Rise of Moral Majority. Traditional values, anti-abortion, strong anti-communism. |
| Reagan and Cold War | Hardline stance, military buildup. |
| Star Wars | Strategic Defense Initiative. Missile defense system (never fully built). |
| Fall of Berlin Wall | Symbolic end of Cold War. |
| Difference between a primary and secondary source | Primary source: firsthand evidence (letters, diaries, photographs, speeches, newspapers from the time). Secondary source: interpretation or analysis based on primary sources (textbooks, documentaries, articles written later). |
Created by:
emileemorton