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CATHY NAKIMERA
2025-3-SCI221-04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of hemoglobin? | To bind and transport oxygen (and some carbon dioxide) within red blood cells. |
| Which formed elements are responsible for initiating blood clotting? | Platelets, which help trigger the coagulation cascade. |
| What is hematocrit? | The percentage of blood volume composed of red blood cells. |
| What structure separates the heart into left and right sides? | The septum. |
| Which valves prevent backflow into the atria? | The atrioventricular (AV) valves—tricuspid and mitral. |
| What is cardiac output? | The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (heart rate × stroke volume). |
| Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? | Arteries. |
| What feature of capillaries allows efficient exchange? | Their thin, single-cell-thick walls. |
| What causes blood pressure to drop in vein. | Low resistance and increasing vessel diameter along the venous system. |
| What is the main function of the lymphatic system? | To return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and support immune defense. |
| What do lymph nodes do? | Filter lymph and house immune cells. |
| What organ is the largest lymphoid organ? | What organ is the largest lymphoid organ? The spleen. |
| What is innate immunity? | Nonspecific defenses present from birth. |
| What cells mediate antibody-based adaptive immunity? | B lymphocytes. |
| What do cytotoxic T cells do? | Destroy infected or abnormal body cells. |
| What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract? | Warm, filter, and humidify incoming air. |
| What structure prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing? | The epiglottis. |
| What tissue forms the alveoli? | Simple squamous epithelium. |
| What muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation? | The diaphragm. |
| What drives diffusion of gases in the lungs? | Differences in partial pressure. |
| How is most carbon dioxide transported in blood? | As bicarbonate ions. |
| What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| What is the major intracellular cation? | Potassium (K⁺). |
| What is the major extracellular cation? | Sodium (Na⁺). |
| What is the normal blood pH range? | 7.35–7.45. |
| What is the fastest buffer system in the body? | The chemical buffer system (like bicarbonate). |
| Which organs provide long-term acid–base regulation? | The kidneys. |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | The nephron. |
| Which vessel delivers blood to the glomerulus? | The afferent arteriole. |
| What structure collects urine from the renal papillae? | The minor calyces. |
| What are the three basic steps of urine formation? | Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. |
| Where does most reabsorption occur? | The proximal convoluted tubule. |
| What structure creates the osmotic gradient for concentrated urine? | The loop of Henle. |
| What is peristalsis? | Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract. |
| What are the three major salivary glands? | Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. |
| Which organ stores and concentrates bile? | The gallbladder. |
| What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion? | Salivary amylase. |
| Where does most nutrient absorption occur? | The small intestine. |
| What hormone stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas? | CCK (cholecystokinin). |
| What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)? | The energy required to maintain basic body functions at rest. |
| Which macronutrient provides the most energy per gram? | Fat. |
| What process converts glucose into ATP? | Cellular respiration. |
| What is the term for a developing human from weeks 9–38? | Fetus. |
| What organ allows nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus? | The placenta. |
| What is senescence? | The gradual decline in physiological function with aging. |
| Where does fertilization usually occur? | The fallopian tube (ampulla). |
| What hormone dominates the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? | Estrogen. |
| What structure forms after ovulation and secretes progesterone? | The corpus luteum. |
| What cells produce testosterone? | Leydig (interstitial) cells. |
| Where does sperm mature? | The epididymis. |
| What structure carries sperm through the pelvic cavity? | The vas deferens. |
| What is a hormone? | A chemical messenger released into the bloodstream to regulate target cells. |
| Which gland is often called the “master gland”? | The pituitary gland. |
| What hormone lowers blood glucose levels? | Insulin. |
| What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)? | The energy required to maintain basic body functions at rest. |
| What process converts glucose into ATP? A: Cellular respiration. | Cellular respiration. |
| Which macronutrient provides the most energy per gram? | Fat. |
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