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Opportunity #3
Chapters 10,11,12,13,14,15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Equations of constant Acceleration | For purposes of analyzing motion of projectiles, it will be assumed that the horizontal component of porjectile velocity is constant throughout the trajectory AND that the vertical component of projectile velocity is constantly changing because of the inf |
| Relative angle | angle at a joint formed between the longitudinal axes of the adjacent body segments (AKA joint angle) |
| absolute angle | angular orientation of a body segment with respect to a fixed line of reference (reference lines are usually vertical or horizontal) |
| angular distance | the actual sum of all angular changes undergone by a rotating body |
| Angular displacement | is the change in angular position or orientation of a line segment |
| Radian | The size of a angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle |
| Angular Velocity | the rate of change in angular position |
| angular acceleration | the rate of change in angular velocity |
| relationship between linear and angular displacement | the greater the radius between a given point on a rotating body and the axis of rotation, the greater the linear distance traveled by the point during an angular motion. |
| Relationship between linear and angular motion | The larger the radius of rotation(r), the greater the linear distance(s) traveled by a point on a rotating body |
| relationship between linear and angular velocity | velocity is displacement over time, linear and angular velocity are related by the same factor that relates displacement: the radius or rotation(r) |
| relationship between linear and angular acceleration | the acceleration of a body in angular motion can be resolved into two perpendicular linear acceleration components |
| tangential acceleration | component of acceleration of angular motion directed along a tangent to the path of motion. Represents change in linear speed. |
| linear distance | change in location, or the directed distance from initial to final location |
| Radial acceleration | Component of acceleration of angular motion directed toward the center of curvature. represents change in direction |
| law of inertia | a body remains at rest or if a body is in motion, it remains in uniform motion (constant speed) in a straight line unless acted on by an external force that changes the state. |
| Law of linear acceleration | a force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body's mass. |
| Law of reaction | A- for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction B- When one body exerts a force on a second, the second body exerts a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body. |
| Law of inertia(cont) | Rest- the law of inertia can place great demands on the body (particularly the muscular system) Motion- stay in motion... unless acted on by an external force that changes the state |
| Newton's second law | The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force imparted to it and inversely proportional to it mass (A=F/M) |
| Newton's 3rd Law | for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction Application: transfer of momentum |
| Conservation of momentum | momentum before an event(collision) is equal to the momentum after the event(collision) |
| Impulse | Product of force and time interval over which the force acts impulse=Ft |
| Impact | The exchange of a large force during a small time interval |
| Work | Force applied against a resistance multiplied by the time displacement of the distance (in the direction of the forcea0 |
| Power | The amount of work in a given time |
| Friction | Force acting over the area of contact between two surfaces in the direction opposite that of motion or motion tendency. Friction is a resistance or potential resistance to motion brought about by attraction forces that exist between the atoms of two mater |
| Friction | The magnitude of the generated friction force determines the relative ease of difficulty of motion for two objects in contact |
| Maximum static friction | The maximum amount of friction that can be generated between two static surfaces (additional force applied will generate movement) |
| Kinetic Fraction | Friction that continues to exist between two surfaces during motion. Always less than maximum static friction. |
| Coefficient of friction | a number that serves as an index of the interaction between two surfaces in contact. |
| Momentum | quantity of motion, measured as the product of a body's mass and its velocity ( M=mv) |
| Torque | The rotary effect of force |
| Moment Arm | Shortest perpendicular distance between a force's line of action and the axis of rotation |
| First Class Lever | a simple machine with a pivot point, called a fulcrum, that lies between the applied force, or effort, and the object that is to moved, or load.( ex: teetertoter)( ex in the body: elbow, head) |
| Second class lever | A lever positioned with the resistance between the applied force and the fulcrum( ex: wheelbarrow)( Ex in the body: foot, tow raises( releves)) |
| Third class levers | a lever positioned wit the applied force between the fulcrum and the resistance(Ex: baseball bat)(ex in the body: arm, deltoid) |
| Center of mass | The theoretical point around which the body's mass is equally distributed(COM) |
| Center of gravity | The theoretical point where the force of gravity acts on a body. The " balance point"(COG) |
| Stability | defined as the resistance to disruption of equilibrium. The position is the line of gravity, a perpendicular line dropped from the center of mass. (controlled through balance) is maintained by manipulating factors associated with the COG |
| Balance | The person's ability to control equilibrium. control linear and angular acceleration |
| Parabolic flight of a projectile | the COG is the point that follows the parabola |
| Body weight | gravity affects our motion as if all of our weight is at the COG |
| Performance Efficiency | in order to minimize wasted effort, many runners attempt to minimize the vertical oscillation of the COG during a race. |
| Performance enhancement | jumpers lower the COG immediately before jumping in order to increase the distance that the COF travels, thus increasing the impulse (F x t) |
| Principles of stability | lower center of gravity, the greater the body's stability. greater stability is obtained if the base of support is widened in the direction of the line of force. |
| Laminar flow | runs parrell |
| Turbulent flow | flow in a blood vessel |
| Coefficient of Drag | an index number that represents a body's ability to generate fluid resistance |
| Skin Friction | Resistance derived from friction between adjacent layers of fluid near a body moving through water |
| Form Drag | is also a resistance to the smooth flow of air. The shape of something may create low- pressure areas and turbulence which retard the forward movement |
| streamlining | the overall shape of the body reduces the magnitude of pressure gradient |
| lift forces and foil shapes | movement from higher pressure to lower pressure |
| Magnus Effect | lift force created by spin. A lift force directed from a high-pressure region to a low-pressure region. Faster the air flow, lower the pressure |
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