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Astronomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clouds of gas and dust that form stars | Nebula |
| A forming star that is not yet capable of fusion | Protostar |
| What low mass stars become after they run out of hydrogen to fuse | Red Giants |
| Outer layer of a red giant that drifts away | Planetary Nebula |
| Remaining carbon and oxygen core at the end of a red giant's life | White Dwarf |
| What high mass stars become after they run out of hydrogen to fuse | Red Supergiants |
| Largest element that can be fused in the core of red supergiants | Iron |
| Type of supernova that happens once a red supergiant starts to fuse iron | Type II Supernova |
| Dense remnant of medium mass stars after they go through a type II supernova | Neutron Star |
| Super dense remnants of large mass stars after going through a type II supernova | Black Hole |
| Smaller clumps of gas and dust that form due to electrostatic forces | Planetesimals |
| Process of planetesimals colliding to form planets | Accretion |
| Imaginary line separating where in the solar system that water, ammonia, and methane could freeze into ice | Frost Line |
| Name for the planets formed inside of the frost line | Terrestrial Planets (Rocky Planets) |
| Name for the planets that formed outside of the frost line | Jovian Planets (Gas Giants) |
| Region of small rocky bodies between Mars and Jupiter | Asteroid Belt |
| Region of small icy bodies past Neptune | Kuiper Belt |
| Theoretical massive spherical cloud of ice surrounding the solar system | Oort Cloud |
| Three types of galaxies | Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular |
| Type of galaxy that is a flat rotating disk with arms | Spiral Galaxy |
| Specific type of galaxy the Milky Way is | Barred Spiral Galaxy |
| Type of galaxy that is smooth and featureless | Elliptical Galaxy |
| Type of galaxy made of mostly old, red stars | Elliptical Galaxy |
| Region of the Milky Way that our solar system is located on | Orion Arm |
| Supermassive Black Hole at the center of our galaxy | Sagittarius A |
| Law that describes the acceleration of the expansion of the universe | Hubble's Law |
| Theory that describes the start of the universe | Big Bang Theory |
| Radiation left over from recombination right after the Big Bang | Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) |
| Type of telescope that uses an objective lens | Refracting Telescope |
| Problem with refracting telescopes that causes color fringing | Chromatic Aberration |
| Type of telescope that uses a curved primary mirror | Reflecting Telescope |
| Type of telescope used for modern large telescopes | Reflecting Telescope |
| Two most important powers of a telescope | Light-Gathering Power, Resolving Power |
| Technique of splitting light into constituent wavelength | Spectroscopy |
| Continuous wave of colors with dark lines where specific wavelengths have been absorbed | Absorption Spectra |
| Law that states that peak wavelengths of light absorbed by a black body are inversely proportional to its temperature | Wien's Law |
| Part of an ellipse that is half of its largest diameter | Semi-Major Axis |
| Measure of an ellipse's difference from being a circle | Eccentricity |
| Law that states that the orbit of planets around a star is in the shape of an ellipse | Kepler's First Law |
| Point on a planets orbit where it is closest to its star | Perihelion |
| Point on a planets orbit where it is farthest from its star | Aphelion |
| Law that states that a line between a planet and its star sweeps out equal areas over equal time | Kepler's Second Law |
| Law that states that the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis | Kepler's Third Law |
| Matter and energy between stars and planets in the vacuum of space | Interstellar Medium |
| Parts of the ISM that are dense enough to be visible | Nebula |
| Three types of nebulae | Emission, Reflection, Absorption |
| Type of nebula that is hot enough to emit its own light | Emission Nebula |
| Type of nebula that the Orion nebula is | Emission Nebula |
| Type of nebula that reflects light from nearby stars | Reflection Nebula |
| Type of nebula that surrounds the Pleiades star cluster | Reflection Nebula |
| Type of nebula that is so dense that it blocks light from stars and nebulae behind it | Dark (Absorption) Nebula |
| Type of nebula that the Horseshoe nebula is | Dark (Absorption) Nebula |
| Type of large rocky object that can't clear its neighborhood | Dwarf Planet |
| Five dwarf planets | Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake, Haumea |
| Dwarf planet with 5 moons | Pluto |
| Only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt | Ceres |
| Rocky bodies rich in metals and silicates | Asteroids |
| Origin of short-period comets | Kuiper Belt |
| Origin of long-period comets | Oort Cloud |
| Bodies of ice that gain comas and tails when nearing the sun | Comets |
| The outer glow of comets when their ice melts | Coma |
| Undetectable form of matter that alters star orbital patterns | Dark Matter |
| Undetectable form of energy causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate | Dark Energy |
| Equation that predicts the chances of us finding intelligent life in outer space | Drake Equation |
| Question of why we haven't found intelligent life if it is so likely | Fermi Paradox |
| Theoretical barrier stopping civilizations from making themselves known or existing | Great Filter |
| Hypothesis that there is complex life, but they are hiding | Dark Forest Hypothesis |
| Ripples in spacetime caused by massive objects acceleration | Gravitational Waves |
| LIGO | Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observation |
| Apparent shift in an objects position based on a viewers viewpoint | Parallax |
| An astronomical object with a known, well-defined absolute magnitude | Standard Candle |
| Supernova that happens when white dwarfs accrete too much mass from a binary star | Type Ia Supernova |
| Method for detecting exoplanets where the planet periodically passes in front of its star, causing dips in brightness | Transit Method |
| Method for detecting exoplanets where a star is redshifted or blueshifted by the exoplanet orbiting it | Radial Velocity (Doppler Wobble) Method |
| Innermost layer of the sun that does fusion | Core |
| Layer of the sun where energy is transported outward by photons, often taking up to 100,000 years | Radiative Zone |
| Layer of the sun where energy is transferred by the movement of hot gas is convection cells | Convection Zone |
| Visible surface layer of the sun | Photosphere |
| Reddish layer of gas above the photosphere | Chromosphere |
| Outermost layer of the sun seen during total solar eclipses | Corona |
| Dark regions on the surface of the sun that are cooler than their surroundings because of magnetic fields that inhibit convection | Sunspots |
| Sudden burst of radiation from the sun's surface near sunspots | Solar Flares |
| Massive eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the corona that cause auroras | Coronal Mass Ejections |
| Hottest spectral class, being white-blue stars | O |
| Blue-white spectral class | B |
| White spectral class | A |
| Yellow-white spectral class | F |
| Yellow spectral class | G |
| Orange spectral class | K |
| Red spectral class | M |
| Scatter plot for stars with luminosity on the y-axis and reverse surface temperature on the x-axis | Hertzprung-Russell Diagram |
| Diagonal band from top left to bottom right on the HR diagram | Main Sequence |
| Regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape | Black Holes |
| Point of no return on black holes where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light | Event Horizon |
| Point of infinite density at the center of black holes where the laws of physics start to break down | Singularity |
| Theory published by Einstein in 1915 | General Relativity |
| Theory that states that gravity is curvatures in spacetime itself | General Relativity |
| The creation of protons, helium, and lithium after the Big Bang | Nucleosynthesis |
| Period after the Big Bang where electrons joined with nuclei | Recombination |
| Theory for the end of the universe where all matter collapses into a single point due to gravity | The Big Crunch |
| Theory for the end of the universe where cosmic inflation causes all stars to spread extremely far apart, eventually leading to an empty universe | The Big Freeze (Heat Death) |
| Study of the origins, evolution distribution, and future of life in the universe | Astrobiology |
| Model of the universe proposed by Ptolemy where earth is the center of everything | Geocentric Model |
| Model of the universe proposed by Copernicus where the sun is the center of everything, and planets follow circular orbits around it | Heliocentric Model |
| Man who made extremely accurate predictions for planet locations, even without the use of a telescope | Tycho Brahe |
| Man who discovered that planetary orbits are in the shape of an ellipse | Johannes Kepler |
| First man to use telescopes to study space | Galileo Galilei |
| Four moons discovered by Galileo orbiting Jupiter | Ganymede, Io, Callisto, Europa |
Created by:
KatieThiel