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JWST final - terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| halakhah | - jewish law - the path to walk - religious and everyday law |
| mitzvot | - commandment - a good deed - obligations for Jews |
| torah | - all jewish law and lore - written and oral |
| oral torah | - includes halakhah and aggadah -both from the Torah and from the rabbis |
| mishnah | - 6 books - written codification but not really law code - c. 200 ce - creation of hope and order in wake of bar khoba - foundation of rabbinic judaism |
| gemara | - commentary/discussion/study of the mishnah |
| talmud | - mishnah and gemara combo - exposition and commentary on mishnah - supplemental teachings (baraita) - Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmud |
| midrash | - explanatory literature - collection of biblical interpretation |
| maimonides | - 1135-1204, Spain, MENA - wrote mishneh torah - thought Christianity was avodah zera |
| mishneh torah | - comprehensive/systemic codification of halakhah by subject matter - no citations (lost precedents) |
| schulchan aruch | - concise halakhic code based on the Tur - encyclopedic - Mappah Ashkenaz gloss - Joseph Karo and Moses Isserles -universal legal reference - goal: guide conduct not shape thought |
| responsa | - legal question and answer format - usually rabbi to rabbi, sometimes committee - very personalized but can set precedent |
| taqqanah | - rabbinic ordinance - ha-kahal: communal ordinances bound by communal assent, not decree |
| minhag | - practice/custom - many halakhic rulings can be relaxed/overruled by minhag - est. in Shulchan Arukh? |
| pikuach nefesh | - preserving human life overrides almost everything - halakhah is maximally permissive to save a life - transition from visible, individualized, case by case -> individual, communal, public health approach in COVID |
| rodef | - a pursuer, someone that you can assume is trying to hurt you - classic ex: someone breaks into your home in the middle of the night, ok to kill - used in the abortion context (fetus) and COVID context |
| shabbat | - 7th day, day of rest - specific commandments to not work |
| kashrut | - kosher dietary laws - restrictions on unclean meats and mixing |
| get | - writ of divorce - must be voluntarily granted by the husband - courts rarely enforcee penalties |
| agunah | - lit. chained - a woman whose husband odes not grant her a divorce, therefore she is unable to remarry |
| noahide commandments | - seven commandments that every person in the world should follow |
| avodah zerah | - idol worship - one of the things jews can matyr themselves for |
| dina d'malkhuta dina | - jews are bound to the local laws - sometimes preferred over halakhah - reaction to diaspora/loss of control |
| geonic period | - Babylon 7-11th c. - first systemic legal codes - Talmudic academies in now-Iraq - lots of responsa - scientific organization - torah + tradition, not keraites |
| eruv | - lets observant jews practice shabbat - legal fiction where string encloses the whole community so that people can carry things, makes into one "place" - invisible symbolic boundary |
| emancipation | - Jews become citizens of modern nation-states - France and Germany - broke communal authority - belonging to another larger community |
| denominations | - emerge in 19th c. Germany -> mostly ashekenazi - Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, etc - in response to modernity and |
| bar/bat mitzvahs | - coming of age rituals - not always a thing, gained prominence in 14th c. ashkenaz - status into ritual - key parts: aliyah, festive meal, sermon, leading prayer, moral accountability |
| mishpat ivri | - literally hebrew law - in Israel, nation-legal system - interpreted, cultural, secular - Jewish civil democratic state tensions - less emphasized over time |
Created by:
sarahm-m