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Unit 3 BIO 150
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chytridiomycota | chytridiomycosis infects amphibians spores and gaetes move via flagella parasitize marine diatoms Monophyletic |
| Zoopamycota & Mucuromycota | previously "Zygomycetes", but Mucoro includes Glomero (Para) Both produce Zygosporangium when reproducing sexually -Food molds |
| Glomeromycota | Mrycorrhizal fungi(Mustualistic with plant roots) Monophyletic, large tough spores |
| Ascomycota | Produce traditional fruiting body Produce ascus with 8 spores inside Lichens, human skin diseases, valley fever(Lung infection) Truffles, morels Monophyletic |
| Basidiomycota | Produce traditional fruiting body Produce basidium with 4 spores outside Many of the mushrooms we eat Monophyletic |
| Plasmogamy comes before or after Karyogomy | Before Plasmogamy=fusion of cytoplasm |
| What is fusion of the nucleus called | Karyogamy |
| What are the three types of lichen? | Crustose, Foliose, Fructicose |
| Name major animal characteristics (6) | Multicellular Extracellular collagen matrix Heterotrophic Movement(muscles and nervous system) Most are diploid with haploid gametes Develop via a blastula |
| Animal feeding strategies | Suspension/filter deposit fluid mass |
| What cells arise from the ectoderm ? | Epidermis central nervous system neural crest |
| What cells arise from the mesoderm? | Notochord Kidney tubule cell red blood cells facial muscle |
| What cells arise from the endoderm? | Digestive tract Pharynx-thyroid repiratory-lungs germ cells |
| Animal categorization | Body Symmetry Tissue Layers Gut Type Body Cavity Type Nervous System organization and cephalization |
| What is a coelom | Hollow body cavity completely lined with mesoderm Circulates oxygen and nutrients |
| 2 types of nervous system | diffuse nerve net and central nervous system (with brain) |
| cephalization | concentration of nervous/sensory tissue at one end of body(brain) |
| Causes of animal diversification | High Oxygen Levels More food availability-Feedings strats Predation- Protective structures New niches- more new niches Developmental reg genes allow major changes |
| Developmental Regulatory Genes | Tell protein coding genes where but no how to make a structure |
| Hox genes | a family of master regulatory genes that control body layout plan |
| PORIFERA | SPONGES |
| CTENOPHORA | COMB JELLIES |
| CNIDARIA | JELLYFISH ANEMONES CORALS |
| Cnidaria are sister to | All of bilateria |
| Outgroup to animalia is | Choanoflagellates |
| Protists are | All eukaryotes besides animals, fungi, and land plants |
| Choanoflagellates vs Porifera | Choanoflagellates are unicellular and sometimes colonial Porifera are multicelluar Porifera are animals |
| Cnidaria and Ctenophora Tissue layer type and Gut type | Diploblastic Complete/Two-way Gut |
| What are coloblasts? | Ctenophora's sticky(not stinging) cells |
| How do ctenophores move? | cilia |
| Stinging cells are called | cnidocytes or nematocysts |
| Bilateria includes | all animals besides porifera, ctenophora, and cnidaria |
| Protosomes (Differentiation from Deuterostomes) | Blastopore becomes mouth Spiral cleavage(Lophotrocho) Determinant aka mosaic cleavage - fate of cells determined pre-blastula |
| Dueterostomes include | chordata and echinodermata |
| Protosomes include | Lophotrochozoans and Ecydydysozoans |
| Deuterostomes (Differentiation from protosomes) | Blastopore becomes anus radial cleavage Indeterminant aka regulative cleavage splitting embryo = twins fate of each cell NOT determined pre-blastula |
| How to differentiate Proto and Deutero | Fate of Blastopore Cleavage pattern Cell fate determination |
| Who is sister to annelida? | Mollusca |
| Who is sister to platyhelminthes? | Annelida and Mollusca |
| Synapomorphies of Bilateria | Triploblasty, coelom Bilateral symmetry Complete Gut |
| Synapomorphies of Protosomes(Lophotrocho & Ecydysozoans) | Blastopore becomes mouth |
| Synapomorphies of Lophotrochozoans | Spiral cleavage |
| Lophophore | ring of ciliated tentacles in filter feeding adults |
| Trochophore | free-swimming ciliated larvae |
| Platyhelminthes characters | Acoelomates Two-way guts No circulatory systen/gas exchange organs |
| Leeches are what worm group | Annelida- segmented worms |
| Annelida synapomorphies | Segmentation Paired chaetae- bristles parapodia -lobe like apendages |
| Mollusca synapomorphies | Shell Mantle Radula Foot |
| Class Bivalvia(Mollusca) includes | Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops |
| Synapomorphies of class bivalvia | have lost radula, filter feeders mostly sessile |
| Gastropoda means | Stomach foot |
| Class Gastropoda(Mollusca) includes | Snails, slugs, nuibranches |
| Nudibranchs are cool because they | eat cnidarians and incorporate stinging cells for protection |
| Nematoda body cavity type | Pseudocoelomates |
| Arthropoda synapomorphies | exoskel of chitin tagma: fused body segments paired jointed appendages |
| only arthropoda subphylum with 3 body segments | hexapoda |
| 5 animals in Echinodermata | Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollar, sea cucumber |
| Echinodermata synapomorphies | Pentaradial symm water vasc system tube feet endoskeleton of calcium carbonate |
| Three major sub phylum within Chordata | Cephalochordata Urochordata Vertebrata |
| Cephalochordata are | Lancelet little fish-like thing all marine filter feed through gills basal of chordates |
| Urochordata | Turnicates/sea squirts some sessile as adults both larvae and adults have pharyngeal gill slits marine notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and tail only in larvae or mature motile species |
| Albumen | substance (outside area around amniotic sac) |
| Amnion | Contains embryo |
| Allantois | holds waste |
| Chorion | allows gas exchange outer membrane |
| what cushions the embryo? | Albumen |
| Dorsal hollow nerve cord vs notochord | notochord provides structure for dorsal hallow nerve cord |
| In vertebrates, Dorsal hollow nerve cord is | spinal cord |
| In vertebrates, notochord is | vertebral column |
| Most primitive vertebrate | Hagfish/lampreys |
| Hagfish/lampreys | lack hinged jaw do have crania cartilagenous skeleton |
| Sharks and Rays | Cartilagenous endoskeleton Jaws with bony teeth |
| Bony fish is made up of | Ray-finned fish and Lobe-finned fish |
| Lobe-finned fish is precursor to | tetrapods on land |
| Two lineages of lobe finned fish | Coelocanths and Lungfish |
| three major tetrapod lineages | amphibians, mammals, reptiles |
| Amphibians include | Frogs toads salamanders |
| Amphibia means | two lives young are aquatic, adult often terrestrial gas exchange via skin |
| Reptilia includes | Lizards snake, turtles tortoises, tuataras, crocidilians, aves |
| First vertebrates that could be exclusively terrestrial | Amphibians |
| Monotremes | Platypus and echidna only in australia and new guinea dont got nipples |
| Placenta is a | modified amniotic egg yolk sac-umbilical cord placenta performs gas/food exchange and removes waste |
| The CNS comes from what tissue layer? | Ectoderm |
| Platyhelminthes body cavity type | acoelomate |
| nematoda body cavity type | pseaudocoelomate |
| Mollusca class cephalopoda includes | squid octopus nautilus cuttlefish |
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