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unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary sex organs are? | Gonads |
| Which gland lubricates the urethra and raises pH? | Bulbourethral gland |
| What process adds receptors when hormone levels fall? | Upregulation |
| Which is a gonadotropin? | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| What stimulates melatonin production? | Light and dark cycles |
| Weight gain, cold intolerance, low BP indicates? | Hypothyroidism |
| Major function of the endocrine system? | Releases hormones into bloodstream |
| Pancreatic delta cells produce GHIH, also known as? | Somatostatin |
| Hormones that control other glands are called? | Tropic hormones |
| Which gland is in anterior neck superficial to larynx? | Thyroid gland |
| Element needed for T3 and T4 production? | Iodine |
| What hormone type is made from cholesterol? | Steroid hormone |
| Hormone stimulating steroid production in adrenal gland? | ACTH |
| Organs that release hormones into blood? | Primary endocrine glands |
| Type I diabetes is caused by lack of? | Insulin |
| Common second messenger? | cAMP |
| Tissue type of neurohypophysis? | Nervous tissue |
| Hormone controlling milk let-down? | Oxytocin |
| Thymosin helps maturation of? | T lymphocytes |
| Epinephrine mimics which system? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Pancreatic alpha cells produce? | Glucagon |
| Cortisol is classified as? | Glucocorticoid |
| Stimulus in negative feedback for insulin release? | Increasing blood glucose levels |
| What stimulates PTH release? | Hypocalcemia |
| How are nervous & endocrine systems similar? | Both release chemical messengers |
| NOT an effect of epinephrine? | Increased digestive functions |
| Aldosterone regulates? | Extracellular sodium and potassium levels |
| Chemical messengers that regulate other cells? | Hormones |
| Portal system delivers what? | Releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| PRH (prolactin-releasing hormone) targets? | Anterior pituitary |
| Tissue type of anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)? | Glandular epithelium |
| TSH targets what? | Thyroid gland |
| When does prenatal period begin? | Conception |
| When does postnatal period begin? | Birth |
| Placenta is established by which week? | Week 12 |
| What releases hCG? | Syncytiotrophoblast |
| Gestation period length? | 266 days |
| Cervix dilation at birth should be? | 10 cm |
| What implants into endometrium? | Blastocyst |
| Fetal hormone initiating labor? | Cortisol |
| Initial stimulus for labor? | Fetus |
| Stages of labor? | Dilation, expulsion, placental |
| Where is testosterone made? | Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) |
| What cells stimulate sperm production? | Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells |
| Which organ produces estrogen & progesterone? | Ovaries |
| Hormone that peaks mid-cycle to trigger ovulation? | LH |
| What structure carries sperm from testes to urethra? | Ductus deferens |
| Where is sperm stored? | Epididymis |
| What is fertilization? | Fusion of sperm and secondary oocyte |
| Where does fertilization occur? | Uterine tube (ampulla) |
| What hormone maintains uterine lining early pregnancy? | Progesterone |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | Progesterone |
| Where does implantation occur? | Endometrium |
| What hormone prevents menstruation during pregnancy? | hCG |
| What organ forms after implantation? | Placenta |
| What produces amniotic fluid? | Amniotic membrane |
| Another term for labor onset? | Parturition |
| Which fetal structure bypasses lungs? | Ductus arteriosus |
| Which fetal structure bypasses liver? | Ductus venosus |
| What is lactation? | Production of milk |
| Primary function of progesterone? | Maintain uterine lining |
| Primary function of estrogen? | Development of female reproductive system |
| What stimulates milk production? | Prolactin |
| What stimulates uterine contractions? | Oxytocin |
| What does semen contain? | Sperm + glandular secretions |
| Most sperm energy comes from? | Fructose (seminal vesicle) |
| What is spermatogenesis? | Production of sperm |
| Where does oogenesis occur? | Ovaries |
| First 8 weeks of development called? | Embryonic period |
| After 8 weeks, organism is called? | Fetus |
| What is capacitation? | Activation of sperm in female tract |
| Function of acrosome? | Penetrates egg |
| What hormone softens pelvis during pregnancy? | Relaxin |
| What hormone increases basal temperature? | Progesterone |
| What is cleavage? | Rapid mitotic divisions after fertilization |
| What forms the embryo? | Inner cell mass |
| What becomes the placenta? | Trophoblast |
| What hormone causes morning sickness? | hCG |
| What hormone rises at end of pregnancy? | Estrogen |
| What triggers milk ejection? | Oxytocin |
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